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Defendant was indicted on thirty-four counts, including three counts of assault

with a deadly weapon with intent to kill inflicting serious injury (“AWDWWIKISI”),

and one count of attempted first degree murder. After waiving his right to a jury

trial, Defendant was convicted on the above mentioned charges as well as twenty-six

of the remaining thirty charges. The trial court consolidated the convictions and

sentenced Defendant to three consecutive life terms without the possibility of parole.

Defendant timely appealed.



Analysis



As an initial matter, the State challenges Defendant’s preservation of his

arguments on appeal. Specifically, the State asserts that Defendant failed to

challenge the sufficiency of the evidence as to the intent elements of the four

challenged convictions before the trial court, and therefore did not preserve those

arguments for appellate review. We agree.

To preserve an issue for appellate review, “a party must have presented to the

trial court a timely request, objection, or motion, stating the specific grounds for the

from the context.” N.C. R. App. P. 10(a)(1) (2015). Rule 10(a)(3) of the North Carolina

Rules of Appellate Procedure provides further that

[i]n a criminal case, a defendant may not make insufficiency of the evidence to prove the crime charged the basis of an issue presented on appeal unless a motion to dismiss the action, or for judgment as in case of nonsuit, is made at trial. If a defendant makes such a motion after the State has presented all its evidence and has rested its case and that motion is denied and the defendant then introduces evidence, defendant’s motion for dismissal or judgment in case of nonsuit made at the close of State’s evidence is waived. Such a waiver precludes the defendant from urging the denial of such motion as a ground for appeal.



A defendant may make a motion to dismiss the action, or for judgment as in case of nonsuit, at the conclusion of all the evidence, irrespective of whether defendant made an earlier such motion. If the motion at the close of all the evidence is denied, the defendant may urge as ground for appeal the denial of the motion made at the conclusion of all the evidence. However, if a defendant fails to move to dismiss the action, or for judgment as in case of nonsuit, at the close of all the evidence, defendant may not challenge on appeal the sufficiency of the evidence to prove the crime charged. Our courts have long held that “where a theory argued on appeal was not

raised before the trial court, the law does not permit parties to swap horses between

courts in order to get a better mount in the appellate courts.” State v. Holliman, 155

N.C. App. 120, 123, 573 S.E.2d 682, 685 (2002) (internal quotation marks and

citations omitted). This “swapping horses” argument historically has applied to

circumstances in which the arguments on appeal were grounded on separate and

distinct legal theories than those relied upon at the trial court, or when a sufficiency

of the evidence challenge on appeal concerns a conviction different from a charge

challenged before the trial court. See id., 155 N.C. App. at 123-24, 573 S.E.2d at 685

86 (arguing before the trial court that the defendant’s confession was coerced, while

arguing on appeal that the defendant’s seizure was improper for lack of probable

cause); State v. Baldwin, 117 N.C. App. 713, 717, 453 S.E.2d 193, 195 (1995) (arguing

double jeopardy concerns at trial, while arguing on appeal a variance between the

indictment and the proof offered at trial); State v. Williams, 209 N.C. App. 757, 710

S.E.2d 707, 2011 WL 693281 *1, *3, 2011 N.C. App. LEXIS 339 *1, *7-9 (Mar. 1, 2011)

(unpublished) (holding the defendant did not preserve a challenge to the sufficiency

of the evidence for a possession of a firearm by a felon charge, when at trial the

defendant argued only that there was insufficient evidence for a first-degree

kidnapping charge).

In State v. Chapman, this Court applied the “swapping horses” rule to a

scenario in which the defendant argued before the trial court that the State presented

insufficient evidence as to one element of a charged offense, and on appeal asserted

the State presented insufficient evidence as to a different element of the same

charged offense. __ N.C. App. __, __, 781 S.E.2d 320, 330 (2016) (holding the

defendant, who argued at trial that the State failed to present sufficient evidence to

support the “dangerous weapon” element of a charge of robbery with a dangerous

weapon, did not preserve for appeal an argument that the State failed to present

sufficient evidence that she “knowingly committed the crime as an actor in concert or

as an aider or abettor.”) (internal quotation marks omitted). The decision in

Chapman highlighted the defense counsel’s specific language at trial limiting the

basis for the motion to dismiss to the specific element challenged. Id. (quoting from

the trial transcript, “We contend there has been no evidence showing that the manner

in which it was used, in which the BB gun was used, rises to the level of being a

dangerous weapon. Based upon that, we would ask Your Honor to dismiss the charge

of robbery with a dangerous weapon.”) (emphasis added). The Court explained that

the specific reference to one element of the offense removed the other elements of the

offense from the trial court’s consideration, and therefore from this Court’s

consideration, because the consideration of the sufficiency of the evidence on those

other elements was no longer “apparent from the context.” N.C. R. App. P. 10(a)(1).

A specific reference to one element contrasts with cases in which a defense counsel

makes a more generalized motion to dismiss for insufficiency of the evidence. See,

e.g., State v. Glisson, COA16-426, __ N.C. App. __, __, __ S.E.2d __, __ (Feb. 7, 2017)

(holding that the defendant’s challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence was

preserved because the trial court referred to the challenge as a “global” and

“prophylactic” motion to dismiss, thereby making apparent that the trial court

considered the sufficiency of the evidence as to all elements of each charged offense);

State v. Pender, __ N.C. App. __, __, 776 S.E.2d 352, 360 (2015) (holding that while

the defense counsel presented a specific argument addressing only two elements of

two charges, counsel also asserted a general motion to dismiss which “preserved [the

defendant’s] insufficient evidence arguments with respect to all of his convictions”);

State v. Mueller, 184 N.C. App. 553, 559, 647 S.E.2d 440, 446 (2007) (holding that the

trial counsel’s presentation of a specific argument addressed only five charges, but

the general motion to dismiss preserved the arguments regarding the other charges

on appeal). A general motion to dismiss requires the trial court to consider the

sufficiency of the evidence on all elements of the challenged offenses, thereby

preserving the arguments for appellate review.

In this case, Defendant’s motion to dismiss addressed specific elements of the

charged offenses other than the intent element and did not present a general

challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence as to all elements of each offense. In his

initial motion to dismiss following the presentation of the State’s evidence, defense

counsel challenged the three AWDWWIKISI charges based solely on the severity of

the victims’ injuries. Regarding the charge of attempted first degree murder, defense

counsel stated: “I would move for a dismissal simply on the grounds that the attempt

wasn’t carried out and the circumstances as described by the witnesses would suggest

that the opportunity was there.” (emphasis added). Defense counsel failed to broaden

the scope of his motion when he renewed it following the close of all the evidence. He

explained: “Your Honor, at this time, we would move for dismissal at the close of all

of the evidence. I’ll just repeat the same arguments that I made previously. I believe

that there’s not sufficient evidence in all of the particulars that I repeated [sic] in my

initial argument.” (emphasis added). The trial court asked counsel to clarify the

basis for the motion to dismiss, further highlighting its narrow scope:

MR. HEDGPETH: . . . I would move for a dismissal simply on the grounds that the attempt wasn’t carried out and the circumstances as described by the witnesses would suggest that the opportunity was there. Therefore, I would argue that there was no attempt to do so.



THE COURT: Are you saying “no attempt” or “no intent”?



MR. HEDGPETH: Attempt, no attempt.



THE COURT: Attempt.



MR. HEDGPETH: That is my recollection of evidence and my motion for a dismissal.



(emphasis added).

Because defense counsel argued before the trial court the sufficiency of the

evidence only as to specific elements of the charges and did not refer to a general

challenge regarding the sufficiency of the evidence to support each element of each

charge, we hold Defendant failed to preserve the issues of the sufficiency of the

evidence as to the other elements of the charged offenses on appeal.