Date: 10-11-2019

Case Style:

Case Number: G056706

Judge: Moore, J.

Court: California Court of Appeals Fourth Appellate District, Division Three on appeal from the Superior Court, County of Orange

Plaintiff's Attorney: Peter J. Porter, in pro. per.

Defendant's Attorney: Martin F. Goldman

Description: Attorney defendant Peter J. Porter represented plaintiff Elise Sharon in a
lawsuit resulting in a 2008 default judgment entered in favor of Sharon. In October 2015,
a judgment debtor wrote to Sharon, claiming the judgment was void. In November 2015,
Sharon’s new attorney correctly opined that the judgment was indeed void. In September
2016, the debtor filed a motion to vacate the judgment, which was granted the following
month. In May 2017,1 Sharon filed the instant legal malpractice lawsuit against Porter.
During a court trial on stipulated facts, the trial court found the judgment
had been valid until it was vacated. The court also found the statute of limitations
applicable to Sharon’s lawsuit had been tolled until “actual injury” first occurred in
September 2016, when Sharon began incurring hourly attorney fees to oppose the
judgment debtor’s motion to vacate the judgment.
We reverse because the default judgment was void independent of it being
vacated. Discovery of the void judgment and whatever injury resulted therefrom
occurred at least by November 2015 when the judgment debtor wrote to Sharon and her
new attorney claiming the judgment was void. The statute ran one year from that date.
(Code Civ. Proc., § 340.6, subd. (a).)2
Sharon’s 2017 lawsuit was time-barred.
1
Although the discrepancy is immaterial to the resolution of this appeal, Sharon’s
complaint contained in the clerk’s transcript indicates an initial filing date of March 8,
2017, while a stipulation of facts submitted to the trial court stated a filing date of May 2,
2017.
2
All further statutory references are to the Code of Civil Procedure unless otherwise
indicated.
3
I
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
A. The Perot Judgment
In 2007, Porter represented Sharon in a lawsuit filed in the Los Angeles
County Superior Court against Pierre Perot and related entities, based upon auto work
performed on Sharon’s vehicle. The complaint, which prayed “[f]or damages in an
amount to be determined according to proof,” was served and a default judgment in the
amount of $17,846.55 was entered in 2008 (Perot judgment). Porter ceased representing
Sharon in August 2013.
In 2014, Sharon hired attorney Martin Goldman, on a contingency fee
basis, to enforce the Perot judgment. In October 2015, an attorney representing Perot
wrote a letter to Goldman arguing the judgment was void and unenforceable because the
underlying complaint had not specified the amount of money damages sought against
Perot as required by section 580.3
Goldman promptly forwarded the information to
Porter. In November 2015, several e-mails were exchanged between Goldman and Porter
wherein Goldman opined to Porter that the judgment was indeed void. However, no
material change in the circumstances resulted during this time.
In March 2016, Goldman relied upon the Perot judgment to claim an
interest in escrow money being held in connection with a potential sale of real estate
owned by Perot. No payment was secured and instead, in September 2016, Perot filed a
motion with the superior court to vacate the Perot judgment. Goldman wrote to Porter
requesting that Porter appear in court to oppose it. After Porter did not respond, Sharon
agreed with Goldman to modify her contingency fee agreement and pay the latter an
hourly fee to oppose Perot’s motion. In October 2016, the superior court granted Perot’s
motion, based upon section 580, and vacated the Perot judgment. The record is unclear
3
Section 580, subdivision (a), states in relevant part: “The relief granted to the plaintiff,
if there is no answer, cannot exceed that demanded in the complaint . . . .”
4
what further action was taken by the superior court with regard to the 2007 lawsuit
against Perot.
B. Legal Malpractice Lawsuit
In May 2017, Sharon filed the instant legal malpractice lawsuit against
Porter. Porter filed a motion for summary judgment based upon a statute of limitations
defense. The trial court denied the motion, finding a triable issue of material fact existed
as to whether Sharon had not sustained actual damage until October 2016, when the
superior court vacated the Perot judgment. The case proceeded to a court trial on a
statement of stipulated facts, which included Porter’s admission that he had committed
malpractice. The statement provided that the only issue for the trial court’s determination
was whether Sharon’s lawsuit was time-barred under section 340.6.
At trial, the court and counsel agreed the dispositive issue for the court to
determine was when Sharon “sustained actual injury” so that the statute of limitations
was not tolled pursuant to section 340.6, subdivision (a)(1).4
Porter argued injury had
occurred when the Perot judgment was entered in 2008. Sharon asserted the judgment
had been valid until it was vacated in October 2016 and that she first sustained injury in
September 2016, when she began to incur attorney fees related to the motion to vacate.
Citing to Pointe San Diego Residential Community, L.P. v. Procopio, Cory, Hargreaves
& Savitch, LLP (2011) 195 Cal.App.4th 265, 275-276, and Truong v. Glasser (2009) 181
Cal.App.4th 102, 111, the court found the factual issue of when Sharon first began to
incur attorney fees connected to Porter’s malpractice was dispositive of when the statute
of limitations commenced for Sharon’s malpractice claim against Porter. The court
continued the trial and requested the parties to present supplemental briefs and additional
4
The statute reads, in pertinent part: “[T]he time for commencement of [a] legal
[malpractice] action . . . shall be tolled during the time that . . . : [¶] (1) The plaintiff has
not sustained actual injury.” (§ 340.6, subd. (a)(1).)
5
evidence in support of their respective positions as to when Sharon sustained “actual
injury.”
Sharon included with her supplemental briefing a declaration by her
attorney, Goldman, to support her assertion that she sustained actual injury in September
2016 when she began incurring hourly attorney fees to correct Porter’s malpractice.
Specifically, Sharon claimed that, in response to Perot’s motion to vacate the judgment,
she entered an oral agreement with Goldman to pay hourly fees “to change [Goldman’s]
focus from the sole effort of collecting the Perrot [sic] Judgment” to “trying to overcome
the motion finally filed by Perrot [sic] in September, 2016.” In contrast, Porter
maintained actual injury had occurred earlier and asserted alternative theories to place the
date as early as 2008 (when the Perot judgment was entered), but no later than November
2015 (after Goldman learned the judgment was void based upon the communication from
Perot’s attorney). Porter argued that, alternatively, Sharon began incurring attorney fees
that constituted actual injury either in 2014 (when Sharon first retained Goldman on a
contingency basis) but, again, no later than November 2015 (once Goldman knew the
judgment was void).
The trial court agreed with Sharon. Specifically, the court found the Perot
judgment had been valid until October 2016 and only became invalid once the superior
court vacated the judgment based upon Perot’s motion. Citing attorney Goldman’s
declaration as persuasive evidence, the court found Sharon had not suffered actual injury
until September 2016, when she began to incur hourly attorney fees to directly address
the consequences of Porter’s legal malpractice. Based upon this finding of tolling, the
court found Sharon’s lawsuit had been timely filed in May 2017 and was not barred by
section 340.6’s statute of limitations. Judgment in the amount of $28,641.75 was entered
in favor of Sharon and Porter timely appealed.
6
II
DISCUSSION
A. Standard of Review and Relevant Law
The sole issue on appeal is how the legal malpractice statute of limitations
applied to Sharon’s lawsuit in this case. Section 340.6 is the “exclusive scheme for
commencing and tolling the legal malpractice limitations periods.” (Jordache
Enterprises, Inc. v. Brobeck, Phleger & Harrison (1998) 18 Cal.4th 739, 763-764
(Jordache).) The statute reads, in pertinent part: “An action against an attorney for a
wrongful act or omission, other than for actual fraud, arising in the performance of
professional services shall be commenced within one year after the plaintiff discovers, or
through the use of reasonable diligence should have discovered, the facts constituting the
wrongful act or omission, or four years from the date of the wrongful act or omission,
whichever occurs first. . . . [I]n no event shall the time for commencement of legal action
exceed four years except that the period shall be tolled during the time that any of the
following exist: [¶] (1) The plaintiff has not sustained actual injury. [¶] (2) The
attorney continues to represent the plaintiff regarding the specific subject matter in which
the alleged wrongful act or omission occurred.” (§ 340.6, subd. (a)(1), (2).)
With respect to tolling for lack of “actual injury,” our California Supreme
Court reaffirmed the analysis that existed prior to section 340.6, for claim accrual based
upon the element of damage: “‘[i]f the allegedly negligent conduct does not cause
damage, it generates no cause of action in tort. [Citation.] The mere breach of a
professional duty, causing only nominal damages, speculative harm, or the threat of
future harm—not yet realized—does not suffice to create a cause of action for
negligence. [Citations.] Hence, until the client suffers appreciable harm as a
consequence of [the] attorney’s negligence, the client cannot establish a cause of action
for malpractice.’” (Jordache, supra, 18 Cal.4th at pp. 749-750, quoting Budd v. Nixen
(1971) 6 Cal.3d 195, 200.) “[D]epending upon the particulars, actionable harm may
7
occur at any one of several points in time subsequent to an attorney’s negligence.”
(Adams v. Paul (1995) 11 Cal.4th 583, 588.) For the purposes of analyzing tolling, the
first “‘actual injury’” ends the period. (Radovich v. Locke-Paddon (1995) 35 Cal.App.4th
946, 971 [“[T]he first injury of any kind to the plaintiff, attributable to the defendant
attorney’s malfeasance or nonfeasance, should suffice [to cease tolling under section
340.6, subdivision (a)(1)]”.)
On appellate review, “determining when actual injury occurred is
predominantly a factual inquiry.” (Jordache, supra, 18 Cal.4th at p. 751.) However,
“[w]hen the material facts are undisputed, the trial court can resolve the matter as a
question of law in conformity with summary judgment principles.” (Ibid.) “There is no
bright-line rule to apply in determining when actual injury has occurred within the
meaning of section 340.6.” (Truong v. Glasser, supra, 181 Cal.App.4th at p. 111.)
Instead, “[t]he facts of each case must be examined in light of the specific attorney errors
the plaintiff in each case alleges.” (Jordache, at p. 763.) “[S]ection 340.6, subdivision
(a)(1), will not toll the limitations period once the client can plead damages that could
establish a cause of action for legal malpractice.” (Id. at p. 743.) In some circumstances,
the incurring of attorney fees necessary to address the underlying malpractice marks the
“actual injury.” (Pointe San Diego Residential Community, L.P. v. Procopio, Cory,
Hargreaves & Savitch, LLP, supra, 195 Cal.App.4th at pp. 275-276; see Truong, at p.
111.) In other circumstances, “[t]he loss or diminution of a right or remedy constitutes
injury or damage.” (Jordache, at p. 744; see Adams v. Paul, supra, 11 Cal.4th at p. 591,
fn. 5 [“Although expenditure of attorney fees or other costs in many instances clearly
would be sufficient to constitute the requisite injury, nothing in the history of section
340.6(a)(1) or its decisional predicates suggests it is necessary”].) “An existing injury is
not contingent or speculative simply because future events may affect its permanency or
the amount of monetary damages eventually incurred.” (Jordache, at p. 754.) In other
words, “we must distinguish between an actual, existing injury that might be remedied or
8
reduced in the future, and a speculative or contingent injury that might or might not arise
in the future.” (Ibid.)
B. The Perot Judgment was Void so “Actual Injury” Occurred Before Sharon Incurred
Attorney Fees.
Although we are not convinced the actual injury is the defining issue in this
case, we find it occurred by no later than November 2015. By that point, the judgment
was already void, as acknowledged by Goldman, and Sharon’s remedy against Perot had
been sufficiently diminished as a result. Contrary to Sharon’s unsupported assertion and
the trial court’s finding, case law is clear the Perot judgment was void independent of
when the superior court confirmed it was so. (Greenup v. Rodman (1986) 42 Cal.3d 822,
826 [“[T]he Courts of Appeal have consistently read the code to mean that a default
judgment greater than the amount specifically demanded is void as beyond the court’s
jurisdiction”]; see Bennett v. Wilson (1898) 122 Cal. 509, 513-514, quoting 1 Freeman, A
Treatise on the Law of Judgments (4th ed. 1892) §117, pp. 177-178 [“‘A void judgment
is, in legal effect, no judgment. By it no rights are divested. From it no rights can be
obtained. Being worthless in itself, all proceedings founded upon it are equally
worthless. It neither binds nor bars any one’”].)
Given that the Perot judgment was void, we find that Sharon’s incurring of
Goldman’s attorney fees in September 2016 was not the first instance of actual injury in
this case. As he did at trial, Porter cites to the authorities of Worton v. Worton (1991)
234 Cal.App.3d 1638, 1645 (Worton), and Radovich v. Locke-Paddon, supra, 35
Cal.App.4th at page 974, in support of his argument that actual injury occurred in 2008,
when the Perot judgment was entered. In response, Sharon also cites to Worton but
characterizes the case as standing for a proposition that actual injury requires an “overt
act” to end tolling under section 340.6, subdivision (a)(1). Sharon’s argument is
unpersuasive, and we find Worton to support Porter’s position in this case.
9
Worton involved an attorney who had allegedly committed legal
malpractice by omission in securing an entry of a marriage dissolution judgment which
did not include her community property interest in a certain asset. Specifically, it was
alleged the attorney had failed to appreciate and account for pension benefits not
disclosed by the opposing party. (Worton, supra, 234 Cal.App.3d at pp. 1643-1644.) In
affirming summary judgment in favor of the defendant attorney on a statute of limitations
ground, the appellate court found that actual injury had occurred upon entry of the
judgment. (Id. at p. 1651.)
Worton and other relevant case law support a finding that the void nature of
the Perot judgment sufficiently diminished Sharon’s remedy against Perot and the other
judgment debtors by no later than November 2015.5
(See Croucier v. Chavos (2012) 207
Cal.App.4th 1138, 1149 [actual injury occurred when former client’s ability to enforce a
default judgment was diminished]; see also Foxborough v. Van Atta (1994) 26
Cal.App.4th 217, 227-228 [actual injury occurred 20 months before discovery of facts,
when right to annex real property, which client had retained attorney to secure, expired
because of attorney’s alleged failure to advise].) By then, Sharon’s negotiating position
against Perot had been weakened, as demonstrated by Perot’s attorney’s initial letter to
Goldman warning Sharon of legal liability if she persisted in attempting to enforce a void
judgment. (Village Nurseries v. Greenbaum (2002) 101 Cal.App.4th 26, 41-42, citing
5
Directly applying the precedent of Worton to this case would result in a finding of
actual injury in 2008, when the Perot judgment was entered. Under such a finding, the
statute of limitations would have been tolled until August 2013, not for lack of actual
injury but because that is when Porter ceased representing Sharon in this matter.
(§ 340.6, subd.(a)(2).) The controlling issue would then be when the statute of
limitations commenced based upon when Sharon “discover[ed], or through the use of
reasonable diligence should have discovered, the facts constituting the wrongful act or
omission.” (§ 340.6, subd.(a).) Such discovery occurred when Sharon’s attorney
received the October 2015 written communication by Perot’s attorney, claiming the
judgment was void. Accordingly, this alternative analysis would result in the same
conclusion that Sharon’s 2017 lawsuit was time-barred.
10
Jordache, supra, 18 Cal.4th at p. 761 [actual injury occurred when adverse party asserted
“‘objectively viable defense’” to lien interest claimed by malpractice plaintiff].) The
void judgment also constituted damages in the form of Sharon’s “lost time value of
money.” (Croucier v. Chavos, supra, 207 Cal.App.4th at p. 1150.)
By no later than November 2015, the void Perot judgment constituted “an
actual, existing injury that might be remedied or reduced in the future,” as opposed to a
“speculative or contingent injury that might or might not arise in the future.” (Jordache,
supra, 18 Cal.4th at p. 754.) A potential for remedying the effects of the void judgment
did not change this conclusion. (Id. at p. 752 [“once the plaintiff suffers actual harm,
neither difficulty in proving damages nor uncertainty as to their amount tolls the
limitations period”]; see also Croucier v. Chavos, supra, 207 Cal.App.4th at p. 1149
[“‘actual injury’ for purposes of section 340.6 cannot depend on absolute proof as a
matter of law that damages were suffered”].) The Worton court explicitly stated that
whether the judgment in that case was remediable did not change when injury had been
sustained, even though a postjudgment motion was expressly available.6
(Worton, supra,
234 Cal.App.3d at p. 1652.) We note our California Supreme Court did not criticize any
aspect of Worton in discussing it in Laird v. Blacker (1992) 2 Cal.4th 606, 614-617,
where the high court rejected an argument that the statute of limitations should have been
tolled while an adverse judgment was potentially remediable through an appeal.
Accordingly, Porter has shown that entry of a judgment can constitute “actual injury” for
6
At the time of Worton, supra, 234 Cal.App.3d at page 1638, Civil Code section 4353
read: “In any action for legal separation or dissolution or annulment of a marriage, the
court has continuing jurisdiction to award community property or community debts to the
parties that has not been previously adjudicated by a judgment therein. A party may file
a postjudgment motion or order to show cause in the proceeding in order to obtain
adjudication of any community asset or debt omitted or not adjudicated by the judgment.
In these cases, the court shall equally divide the omitted or unadjudicated community
asset or debt, unless the court finds upon good cause shown that the interests of justice
require an unequal division of the asset or debt.” (Stats. 1990, ch. 1493, § 3.)
11
purposes of section 340.6 and we find the availability of a remedial measure in the
underlying legal matter does not negate a finding of “actual injury.”
Of course, our finding of actual injury does not necessarily determine when
the statute of limitations commenced running on Sharon’s legal malpractice claim, as
injury only controls its tolling. (§ 340.6, subd. (a)(1).) With regard to commencement,
we find, as the trial court did, that in October 2015, Sharon had discovered “the facts
constituting the wrongful act or omission,” based upon her attorney’s receipt of written
communication from Perot’s attorney. (§ 340.6, subd. (a); see Santillan v. Roman
Catholic Bishop of Fresno (2008) 163 Cal.App.4th 4, 10-11 [facts used to determine
accrual of a statute of limitations imputed from agent to principal].) The communication
effected notice of the Perot judgment’s defect, which was eventually confirmed by the
superior court one year later. It was irrelevant whether Sharon knew in 2015 whether the
defect definitively constituted negligence attributable to Porter, so long as she knew of
“the facts constituting the wrongful act or omission.” (§ 340.6, subd. (a); see Worton,
supra, 234 Cal.App.3d at p. 1650 [“[section 340.6’s statute of limitations] is triggered by
the client’s discovery of ‘the facts constituting the wrongful act or omission,’ not by his
discovery that such facts constitute professional negligence, i.e., by discovery that a
particular legal theory is applicable based on the known facts”].)
Since the undisputed facts show the first actual injury was sustained no
later than November 2015, at the same time when Sharon discovered the facts supporting
her malpractice claim, it follows that her May 2017 lawsuit was filed more than one year
after section 340.6’s statute of limitations had commenced. In other words, Sharon’s
lawsuit in this case was time-barred independent of when she began to incur Goldman’s
hourly fees to address the consequences of Porter’s admitted malpractice.
It is true our legal conclusion, in effect, put Sharon in the awkward position
of having to file a malpractice lawsuit based upon a void judgment prior to the superior
court confirming the judgment was indeed void. However, such a situation did not justify
12
tolling based upon any of the exclusive grounds under section 340.6. (See, e.g., Gordon
v. Law Offices of Aguirre & Meyer (1999) 70 Cal.App.4th 972, 980 [there is no equitable
tolling of the statute of limitations created by section 340.6].) To the extent Sharon
implicitly claims that Porter’s conduct was inequitable—because Porter initially stated he
saw “no problem” with the entry of the Perrot judgment but in litigating this case claims
that the statute of limitations lapsed because the judgment was void upon its entry—we
do not find Porter can be equitably estopped from asserting a statute of limitations
defense in this case. Although case law supports a general proposition that a party may
be equitably estopped from asserting a statute of limitations defense, such estoppel
requires, among other things, a plaintiff’s ignorance of the true state of facts as well as
reliance upon the inequitable conduct. (Evid. Code § 623; Leasequip, Inc. v. Dapeer
(2002) 103 Cal.App.4th 394, 403-404.) Again, Goldman’s November 2015
communication with Porter demonstrates that Goldman (and therefore Sharon) was
neither ignorant of the true state of facts (that the judgment was void) nor that he relied
upon any representation Porter made. In other words, the circumstances of this case do
not indicate that Porter could be equitably estopped from asserting a statute of limitations
defense in this case.
C. Policy Interests of Section 340.6
Our findings under the particular circumstances of this case comport with
the well-recognized policy interest of section 340.6 “to require diligent prosecution of
known claims so that legal affairs can have their necessary finality and predictability and
so that claims can be resolved while evidence remains reasonably available and fresh.”
(Jordache, supra, 18 Cal.4th at pp. 755-756, citing Laird v. Blacker, supra, 2 Cal.4th at
pp. 614, 618.) Given that the Perot judgment was void independent of the superior court
vacating it, Sharon’s argument that the tolling should have ended when she agreed to
incur attorney fees for Porter’s negligence would be at odds with another policy interest
13
to avoid granting a malpractice plaintiff “unilateral control over the limitations period.”
(Jordache, at p. 755, citing Laird at p. 618.) Under Sharon’s view, Perot’s motion to
vacate the judgment could have been filed 20 years in the future and a legal malpractice
claim filed within 21 years would still have been timely as long as no specific attorney
fee had been charged to Sharon. No authority supports that outcome. Accordingly, we
reverse the judgment against Porter, and direct that judgment be entered in his favor.

Outcome: The judgment is reversed. The trial court is instructed to enter a new judgment in favor or Porter. Porter is entitled to his costs on appeal.

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