STATE OF NEW MEXICO v. JEANNE ROEPER, a/k/a JEANNA ROEPER

Case Number: A-1-CA-34496

Judge: Julie Vargas

Court: COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO

Plaintiff's Attorney: Hector H. Balderas, Attorney General Jane A. Bernstein, Assistant Attorney General

Defendant's Attorney: Bennett J. Baur, Chief Public Defender Tania Shahani, Assistant Appellate Defender

Description: Defendant is the mother of three children, including fifteen-year-old J.M. 15 (Son). Son had a history of behavioral problems and had been diagnosed with 16 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Defendant also cares for her 17 younger son, who is deaf and suffers from autism and Down syndrome. Along with 18 her own three children, Defendant also cares for her grandchild. 19 2 {3} In the winter of 2012, following a stay in hospice, Defendant’s husband 1 died. Defendant suffers from bipolar disorder and depression, and eight or nine 2 months after her husband’s death, in the fall of 2013, Defendant suffered a mental 3 breakdown and checked herself into a hospital for approximately three weeks. 4 {4} While Defendant was hospitalized, Son’s grandmother enrolled him at Eddy 5 Alternative School in mid-August 2013. Son began school at Eddy Alternative 6 School as an eighth grader after having been held back from high school for one 7 year. Son’s attendance at the school was “sporadic,” and he quickly accumulated 8 an impermissible number of absences. The school attempted, without success, to 9 contact Defendant regarding Son’s absences on several occasions. On September 10 19, 2013, the school mailed Defendant notice that Son had four unexcused 11 absences, following up with another letter the next day, notifying of Son’s fifth 12 unexcused absence. Both letters requested that Defendant contact the school within 13 one week to schedule a meeting with the school’s principal. On October 14, 2013, 14 the school sent Defendant written notice that Son had accumulated ten and a half 15 unexcused absences and requested that Defendant contact the principal of the 16 school within forty-eight hours. The letter further advised that the case was “being 17 referred to the [j]uvenile [p]robation & [p]arole [o]ffice for investigation and 18 potential prosecution.” 19 3 {5} The school forwarded its file on Son to Danial Schwertner, Chief Juvenile 1 Probation Officer (Schwertner). Schwertner reviewed the file and decided solely 2 from that review that Defendant may have caused Son’s habitual truancy. The 3 State filed a complaint in magistrate court, charging Defendant with one count of 4 failure to enforce compulsory school attendance, contrary to Section 22-12-7. At 5 trial, Defendant testified that Son was sometimes violent toward her and that she 6 was afraid of him. As evidence of Son’s violent behavior, Defendant introduced 7 evidence that between April 2013 and December 2013 emergency services 8 received at least five 911 calls reporting disturbances involving Son at the family 9 home. 10 {6} The magistrate court found Defendant guilty. Defendant appealed to the 11 district court, where she received a trial de novo. The district court upheld the 12 magistrate court’s judgment. 13 III. DISCUSSION 14 The Act 15 {7} The Act imposes a responsibility upon parents of school-aged persons to 16 insure school attendance. Section 22-12-2(C) Included among the provisions of the 17 Act is a statutorily-created protocol for addressing habitual truancy and a parent’s 18 failure to satisfy his or her obligation to insure a child’s school attendance. See § 19 4 22-12-7. A habitually truant student is a student with ten or more unexcused 1 absences. Section 22-12-9(A)(1). 2 {8} To initiate enforcement against the parent of a habitual truant, Section 22-3 12-7(B) requires that the local school board or its authorized representative “give 4 written notice of the habitual truancy by mail to or by personal service on the 5 parent.” If the student continues to accumulate unexcused absences after notice is 6 provided, the student “shall be reported to the probation services office . . . for an 7 investigation as to whether the student shall be considered to be a neglected child 8 or a child in a family in need of services.” Section 22-12-7(C) (emphasis added). 9 “If, after review by the juvenile probation office. . . a determination and finding is 10 made that the habitual truancy by the student may have been caused by the parent 11 of the student,” the matter will be referred “to the district attorney’s office or any 12 law enforcement agency having jurisdiction for appropriate investigation and filing 13 of charges.” Section 22-12-7(D) (emphasis added). A parent who, “after receiving 14 written notice” and “after the matter has been reviewed [by the juvenile probation 15 office] in accordance with Subsection D[,]” knowingly allows the student to 16 violate the Act commits a petty misdemeanor. Section 22-12-7(E). 17 {9} While Section 22-12-7(E) explicitly establishes the written notice and the 18 juvenile probation officer’s review as prerequisites to prosecution, it makes no 19 reference to the investigation called for in Section 22-12-7(C). Defendant contends 20 5 that, notwithstanding the omission of any reference to an investigation from 1 Section 22-12-7(E), the statute also requires the investigation as a prerequisite to 2 prosecution. Defendant argues that the State did not satisfy its burden because it 3 failed to provide substantial evidence that the probation services office properly 4 investigated whether Son was “a child in a family in need of services” before 5 making a “determination and finding . . . that the habitual truancy by the student 6 may have been caused by the parent” and referring the matter to the district 7 attorney’s office. Section 22-12-7(C), (D). In response to Defendant’s argument, 8 the State claims that the statute does not specify any mandatory steps to be taken in 9 an investigation and the probation officer’s review of Son’s file in this case was 10 sufficient to satisfy the statutory requirement. 11 Investigation Required by Section 22-12-7(C) 12 {10} We first consider the language of the statute to determine the nature and 13 scope of the investigation required by Section 22-12-7(C). When considering the 14 meaning of a statute, we note that issues of statutory interpretation are subject to a 15 de novo review. State v. Tafoya, 2012-NMSC-030, ¶ 11, 285 P.3d 604. When 16 interpreting a statute, we seek to fulfill the Legislature’s intent, taking into 17 consideration the fact that the primary indicator of that intent is the language it 18 used in creating the statute. State v. Erwin, 2016-NMCA-032, ¶ 5, 367 P.3d 905. 19 When the statute contains terms that are “clear and unambiguous, we must give 20 6 effect to that language and refrain from further statutory interpretation.” State v. 1 Rivera, 2004-NMSC-001, ¶ 10, 134 N.M. 768, 82 P.3d 939 (internal quotation 2 marks and citation omitted). In addition, statutory subsections “must be considered 3 in reference to the statute as a whole[,]” id. ¶ 13 (internal quotation marks and 4 citation omitted), and “must be construed so that no part of the statute is rendered 5 surplusage or superfluous.” State v. Javier M., 2001-NMSC-030, ¶ 32, 131 N.M. 1, 6 33 P.3d 1 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted); see State v. Jackson, 7 2010-NMSC-032, ¶ 28, 148 N.M. 452, 237 P.3d 754 (characterizing this rule as 8 fundamental, and stating it should be applied to every “word, clause, sentence 9 provision[,] or part” of a statute (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)), 10 overruled on other grounds by State v. Radosevich, 2018-NMSC-028, ¶¶ 2, 34, 11 419 P.3d 176. 12 Nature and Scope of an Investigation Under Section 22-12-7(C) 13 {11} The parties do not dispute that the plain language of the statute clearly 14 requires the juvenile probation office to conduct an investigation into whether a 15 habitually truant student is “a neglected child or a child in a family in need of 16 services” if the student continues to accrue unexcused absences after written notice 17 is given to the student’s parent. Section 22-12-7(C). The State, however, argues 18 that nothing in the statute defines the investigation called for in Section 22-12-19 7(C), or mandates the type of investigation that it must conduct. Because the 20 7 statute does not define the nature and scope of the investigation, the State contends 1 that the investigation conducted by the juvenile probation office regarding Son was 2 sufficient. 3 {12} While we agree that the statute contains no explicit language setting out the 4 scope and nature of the investigation the juvenile probation office must conduct, 5 the mandate of the statute requires that the juvenile probation office conduct an 6 investigation sufficient to determine whether the student is a “neglected child or a 7 child in a family in need of services.” The Children’s Code specifically defines a 8 “family in need of family services,” in relevant part, as “a family whose child’s 9 behavior endangers the child’s health, safety, education or well-being[.]” NMSA 10 1978, Section 32A-3A-2 (A)(1) (2005). “[F]amily services” are “services that 11 address specific needs of the child or family.” Section 32A-3A-2(B). The 12 Legislature unequivocally incorporates the requirements of the Children’s Code 13 into the Act, making the child subject to the provisions of the Children’s Code if, 14 after investigation, the child is found to be “a neglected child or a child in a family 15 in need of services.” Section 22-12-7(C). Included among the provisions of the 16 Children’s Code is the Family Services Act, NMSA 1978, §§ 32A-3A-1 to -11, 17 (1993, as amended through 2016), which “recognize[s] that many instances of a 18 child’s behavior are symptomatic of a family in need of family services” and 19 “provide[s] prevention, diversion and intervention services” for children or 20 8 families. Section 32A-3A-1(B); see NMSA 1978, § 32A-3B-1(B)(2) (2005) 1 (expressing legislative purpose of the Family in Need of Court-Ordered Services 2 Act “to recognize that many instances of truancy . . . by a child are symptomatic of 3 a family in need of services”); see also NMSA 1978, § 32A-3B-2(A) (2009) 4 (defining “family in need of court-ordered services” as one that has exhausted 5 available family services and requires court intervention where “child, subject to 6 compulsory school attendance, is absent from school without an authorized excuse 7 more than ten days during a school year”). By structuring the Act to incorporate 8 the provisions of the Children’s Code, the Legislature intended that the probation 9 office conduct an investigation sufficient to determine whether the student is 10 endangering his own health, safety, education, or well-being. See § 32A-3A-11 2(A)(1) (defining a “family in need of family services”). 12 {13} Our interpretation is bolstered by the legislative history of the Act. See State 13 v. Lopez, 2009-NMCA-112, ¶ 5, 147 N.M. 279, 219 P.3d 1288. Considering the 14 history and background of the Act, we note that prior versions of Section 22-12-7 15 were more punitive than the current version; parents could be convicted before 16 courts or the juvenile probation office sought out the cause of and remedy for a 17 student’s habitual truancy. Over the years, Section 22-12-7 transitioned from 18 assigning automatic penalties for violating attendance policies to requiring 19 investigation into the circumstances causing those violations. Overall, the changes 20 9 made to Section 22-12-7 show the Legislature’s recognition of both the importance 1 of school attendance, and of the possibility that poor attendance may be indicative 2 of other problems with the student or in the home. Section 22-12-7 balances the 3 Legislature’s intent to hold parents accountable for their student’s poor attendance 4 while still recognizing and accounting for the difficulties families may face beyond 5 the school or classroom. 6 {14} The 1986 version of Section 22-12-7 allowed an adjudication and 7 assignment of penalties to precede any investigation into the circumstances of the 8 family or the student. It required that notice of the student’s absences be given to 9 the parent, much like the current version, but mandated that continued absences 10 following delivery of written notices be reported to magistrate or metropolitan 11 court. If the court found that the parent knowingly allowed the continued absences, 12 he or she was subject to a penalty under the statute. If absences continued after the 13 court imposed a penalty, the matter was reported to the children’s court, and the 14 statute required that the student be considered “a neglected child or a child in need 15 of supervision” under the Children’s Code. Section 22-12-7(B) (1986). The 1986 16 version made no provision for investigation into the circumstances causing the 17 absences, instead making it mandatory that courts find a child to be neglected or in 18 need of supervision upon accrual of any additional absences. 19 10 {15} The following year, the Legislature restructured Section 22-12-7 to resemble 1 the current statute we use today by requiring an investigation into the need for 2 children’s court services upon additional absences following notice of habitual 3 truancy, and prior to an adjudication under the statute. It also removed the 4 provision that made an adjudication under the Children’s Code the automatic result 5 of additional absences. See § 22-12-7(C) (1987). Under this later version, and as 6 with the current version, the Legislature required the student’s accumulating excess 7 absences to be reported to the local probation services office “for an investigation 8 as to whether the student shall be considered to be a neglected child or a child in 9 need of supervision” under the Children’s Code. Id. The juvenile probation office 10 or local children’s court judge then would make a determination of whether “the 11 nonattendance by the student may have been caused by the parent,” in which case 12 the matter was referred to an appropriate law enforcement agency “for appropriate 13 investigation and filing of charges.” Section 22-12-7(D) (1987). In 2004, the 14 Legislature shifted the responsibility for investigating the student’s circumstances 15 from the children’s court and probation offices to the probation offices alone, but 16 left in place the other requirements, including notice, an investigation into the need 17 for children’s court services, and a finding that the parent may have caused the 18 absences, contained in the current version. See § 22-12-7(C),(D) (2004). 19 11 {16} The changes between the 1986 and 1987 versions of Section 22-12-7 are 1 clearly indicative of a shift in the legislative intent from a punitive focus to one 2 intended to assess and address the causes underlying a student’s habitual truancy 3 before a parent is charged with a violation of the statute. By shifting from a post-4 adjudication investigation to a pre-adjudication investigation, the Legislature 5 explicitly recognized that continuous school absences may be a symptom of deeper 6 issues in the child’s family or personal life requiring family services to remedy 7 those issues. The restructuring of the statute to allow for a more meaningful 8 evaluation of whether the family is in need of services prior to the filing of 9 criminal charges and a possible conviction further evidences the Legislature’s 10 intent that an investigation serve as a prerequisite to prosecution under Section 22-11 12-7. 12 {17} While we decline to define what specifically must be done to comply with 13 the statutory mandate, unless the student’s file itself demonstrates that a child is 14 neglected or a child in a family in need of services, simply reviewing the file is not 15 sufficient. Instead, we expect that in most instances, an investigation will include, 16 at the very least, interviews with the student’s teachers to determine whether they 17 have any information about the student’s family life that would assist the juvenile 18 probation office in making its determination. We further anticipate that the juvenile 19 probation office would attempt to speak with the student and student’s parent, 20 12 guardian, or other caretaker, seeking similar information. Absent such interviews, 1 we find it difficult to see how the juvenile probation office could properly 2 determine whether the student was “a neglected child or a child in a family in need 3 of services.” Section 22-12-7(C). 4 Schwertner’s Investigation 5 {18} We now consider whether there was sufficient evidence in the record that 6 the juvenile probation office conducted a proper investigation as to whether Son 7 was “a neglected child or a child in a family in need of services.” A challenge to 8 the sufficiency of the evidence requires consideration of “whether substantial 9 evidence of either a direct or circumstantial nature exists to support a verdict of 10 guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.” State v. Sutphin, 1988-NMSC-031, ¶ 21, 107 11 N.M. 126, 753 P.2d 1314; see State v. Dowling, 2011-NMSC-016, ¶ 20, 150 N.M. 12 110, 257 P.3d 930 (“[T]he Court must scrutinize the evidence and review the jury’s 13 fact-finding function to ensure that a rational jury could have found the facts 14 required for each element of the conviction beyond a reasonable doubt.”). That 15 evidence is to be viewed in the light most favorable to the State, and we “indulge 16 all reasonable inferences in support of the verdict[] and disregard all evidence and 17 inferences to the contrary.” State v. Cobrera, 2013-NMSC-012, ¶ 7, 300 P.3d 729 18 13 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). The question is whether the district 1 court’s “decision is supported by substantial evidence, not whether the [district] 2 court could have reached a different conclusion.” In re Ernesto M., Jr., 1996-3 NMCA-039, ¶ 15, 121 N.M. 562, 915 P.2d 318. Substantial evidence is “such 4 relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a 5 conclusion[.]” State v. Salgado, 1999-NMSC-008, ¶ 25, 126 N.M. 691, 974 P.2d 6 661 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). 7 {19} Schwertner testified that when evaluating whether a child is neglected or in a 8 family in need of services, he reviews the student’s file, reading the documents 9 therein to see if the school had reported seeing any signs of abuse or neglect. Files 10 typically include letters, attendance records, a cover sheet with student’s personal 11 information, behavioral records, notes documenting any contact with the student’s 12 family, and occasionally, teacher’s notes regarding the student’s behavior. 13 Schwertner testified that he never contacts parents when determining whether a 14 child is part of a family in need of services, and instead relies on a review of the 15 information in the file. He explained that no further efforts are necessary because 16 his role involved only a review of the information regarding attendance that the 17 school collected, and it was “not a situation where [he is] involved in the proof of 18 it.” 19 14 {20} Son’s file included a cover letter, attendance record, disciplinary report, and 1 copies of the letters sent to Defendant regarding Son’s absences. Our record on 2 appeal contains nothing detailing the information set out in the disciplinary report, 3 and we are therefore unable to consider that information. Schwertner testified that 4 he “reviewed” Son’s file and concluded that Son “did not meet the criteria for any 5 abuse and neglect,” that there was no evidence of abuse, and that he did not feel 6 that Defendant’s family was a family in need of services. Schwertner also testified 7 that his department acted under an assumption that when a student is “under ninth 8 grade, parents have a lot more control and authority over the child than they do 9 once [the student] get[s] up into the high school.” Son was fifteen at the time in 10 question—at least one year older than an average eighth grader. Although 11 Schwertner testified that he considered Son’s grade level in making his 12 determination regarding abuse and family services, he also claimed that the 13 determination was “pretty much” based on the age of the student. Additionally, 14 there is evidence Schwertner knew Son through prior referrals to probation not 15 related to this case. There is not, however, any evidence regarding Schwertner’s 16 involvement with those referrals or the extent of his knowledge of the 17 circumstances of those referrals. There is also no evidence that Schwertner 18 considered or used his knowledge of Son’s referrals in assessing whether Son was 19 part of a family in need of services. Ultimately, Schwertner believed reviewing 20 15 Son’s file for signs that the family was in need of services was sufficient to 1 determine whether Defendant may have been the cause of Son’s absences. 2 {21} Schwertner’s testimony about his investigation is of little assistance to the 3 State. Initially, we note that had the Legislature intended that the investigation be 4 limited to the review of the student’s file, there would be no need to involve the 5 juvenile probation office. School officials are in just as good a position to conduct 6 such a review as the juvenile probation office. The Legislature’s referral of the 7 investigation to the juvenile probation office indicates its intent to require more 8 than a cursory file review before determining whether the student is a “neglected 9 child or a child in a family in need of services.” See § 22-12-7(C). Furthermore, 10 Schwertner’s testimony at trial is more akin to an assessment of the merits of the 11 adjudication of Son as a habitual truant rather than an investigation of whether 12 Son’s family circumstances merited referral to the children’s court. His testimony 13 contains vague references to the materials in the file that he “reviewed,” but does 14 not indicate, with any specificity, what information he gathered from his review. 15 Schwertner did not divulge what was in Son’s disciplinary report, and gave no 16 explanation as to why the information contained in the report satisfied him that Son 17 was not “a neglected child or child in a family in need of services.” Section 22-12-18 7(C). Schwertner’s “review” did not include any interviews with Defendant, Son, 19 Son’s grandmother, other members of Son’s family, Son’s teachers, or anyone else 20 16 who interacted with Son on a regular basis who might be able to provide 1 information about whether Son was “a child in a family in need of services.” See 2 id. Indeed, it is unclear from the record whether, in making his assessment, 3 Schwertner was aware that Son’s father had recently died, that his mother had been 4 hospitalized, that in addition to Son, Defendant cared for a special needs child, or 5 that numerous calls were made to 911 to report disturbances involving Son at the 6 family home. Instead of seeking to verify or supplement any of the information 7 contained in the file, Schwertner simply sought to confirm that Son had more than 8 the permitted number of unexcused absences and that Defendant had been notified 9 of those absences. The evidence presented regarding Schwertner’s efforts in this 10 case was nothing more than a superficial review of Son’s file. While a review of 11 the student’s file is absolutely contemplated by the language of the statute, Section 12 22-12-7(C) requires more. Schwertner’s actions were insufficient to allow him to 13 determine whether Son was “a child in a family in need of services” and did not 14 constitute an “investigation” as required by Section 22-12-7(C). 15 Investigation as a Prerequisite to Prosecution Under Section 22-12-7(E) 16 {22} Having determined the nature and scope of an investigation required by 17 Section 22-12-7(C) and concluded that Schwertner’s investigation did not satisfy 18 the statutory requirements, we now consider whether a proper investigation is a 19 prerequisite to a prosecution under Section 22-12-7(E). While at first blush, the 20 17 Legislature’s omission of any reference to the investigation from Section 22-12-1 7(E) would seem to allow a prosecution of a parent without an investigation, the 2 plain language, structure, and legislative history of the Act make clear that the 3 investigation is intended to be an integral part of the juvenile probation office’s 4 determination as to whether the habitual truancy may have been caused by the 5 student’s parent. See § 22-12-7(C), (E). Section 22-12-7(D) of the statute provides 6 that, “[i]f, after review by the juvenile probation office . . . a determination and 7 finding is made that the habitual truancy by the student may have been caused by 8 the parent of the student, then the matter will be referred . . . to the district 9 attorney’s office or any law enforcement agency.” Section 22-12-7(D). 10 Notwithstanding that the statute requires the juvenile probation office to conduct a 11 review, it fails to define what exactly the juvenile probation office is to review in 12 making its “determination and finding” regarding the cause of the student’s 13 truancy. Again, while we will not adopt specific requirements of what must be 14 reviewed by the juvenile probation office before making any determination or 15 finding regarding the cause of student’s truancy, we expect that any such review 16 will include information collected in the statutorily mandated investigation into the 17 student’s status as a “neglected child or a child in a family in need of services” 18 required by Section 22-12-7(C), as well as any other information available to the 19 juvenile probation office. Indeed, to interpret sSection 22-12-7(E)’s omission of 20 18 any reference to an investigation in a way that renders an investigation unnecessary 1 for prosecution under Section 22-12-7 would render the investigation language of 2 sSection 22-12-7(C) superfluous. See Javier M., 2001-NMSC-030, ¶ 32. Finally, 3 we expect that the information gathered during that investigation will bear 4 significantly on the juvenile probation office’s determination and finding, as we 5 anticipate it will provide the juvenile probation officer with at least a basic 6 understanding of the student’s home life and parent engagement. 7 {23} Because Section 22-12-7(C) requires an investigation into whether a student 8 is “a neglected child or a child in a family in need of services,” the juvenile 9 probation office must review the information learned from the investigation as part 10 of its determination and finding as to whether the student’s habitual truancy may 11 have been caused by the parent. No such investigation took place in this instance. 12 We hold that the State failed to satisfy the statutory prerequisite to prosecuting 13 Defendant for a violation of the Act, requiring the reversal of Defendant’s 14 conviction. 15 Sufficiency of the Evidence 16 {24} We look next to Defendant’s assertion that there was insufficient evidence to 17 support her convictions. See State v. Mascarenas, 2000-NMSC-017, ¶ 31, 129 18 N.M. 230, 4 P.3d 1221 (addressing a sufficiency argument in an effort to ensure no 19 double jeopardy violation). When reviewing for sufficiency, “we must view the 20 19 evidence in the light most favorable to the guilty verdict, indulging all reasonable 1 inferences and resolving all conflicts in the evidence in favor of the verdict.” State 2 v. Holt, 2016-NMSC-011, ¶ 20, 368 P.3d 409 (internal quotation marks and 3 citation omitted). The question then becomes “whether any rational trier of fact 4 could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” 5 Id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). 6 {25} As noted previously, the information gathered during the investigation 7 should provide the juvenile probation officer with some understanding of parental 8 engagement. Here, however, Schwertner’s investigation was so deficient that it 9 contributed nothing to an assessment of Defendant’s parental engagement, and 10 provided no information to assist the district court in determining whether 11 Defendant “knowingly allowed” Son’s truancy to continue. See § 22-12-7(E) 12 (providing that a parent who, after receiving requisite notice and after investigation 13 has occurred, “knowingly allows the student to continue” his pattern of habitual 14 truancy is guilty of a petty misdemeanor). As such, the evidence proffered to 15 support Defendant’s conviction on that element is limited, consisting mostly of 16 Defendant’s testimony regarding her efforts to make Son attend school. 17 {26} The evidence is sufficient to demonstrate Defendant knew Son had missed 18 school—she admitted to having received letters informing her of his absences. 19 Evidence of that knowledge alone, however, is insufficient to support Defendant’s 20 20 conviction here because the language of the statute requires not only that the parent 1 knew of, but also allowed, the student’s continued school absences. Thus, a 2 conviction under Section 22-12-7(E) contains an implicit requirement that the 3 parent either acted or failed to act in a way that authorized or ignored the child’s 4 continued absences. The evidence demonstrates Defendant attempted to get Son to 5 attend school by waking him up, making breakfast, and arranging for his 6 transportation to school, but that Defendant was afraid of Son, and when 7 Defendant tried to get Son to go to school, Son became violent. This evidence was 8 not sufficient to support a conclusion that Defendant allowed Son’s absences, 9 either by condoning his behavior or by an apathetic failure to act.

Outcome: We reverse the judgment of the district court and remand the matter to the 12 district court to vacate the conviction.

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