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Date: 08-25-2020
Case Style:
Jerome Wilderness, Sr. v. State of Indiana
Case Number: 20A-CR-88
Judge: James S. Kirsch
Court: COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Plaintiff's Attorney: Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
Attorney General of Indiana
Justin F. Roebel
Supervising Deputy Attorney
General
Defendant's Attorney:
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Call 888-853-4800 if you need a Criminal Defense Attorney in Indiana.
Description:
[3] In February 2018, Wilderness, who was sixty-five years old at the time, lived in
a house in Crown Point, Indiana with his wife, Patricia, and his son, Jerome
1
See Ind. Code § 35-42-1-1(1).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-CR-88 | August 24, 2020 Page 3 of 36
Wilderness, Jr. (“Junior”), who was living with his parents at the time because
he was going through a divorce. Tr. Vol. 3 at 235; Tr. Vol. 5 at 215-16. Junior
had ten-month-old twin daughters, who would come to the home when Junior
had parenting time. Tr. Vol. 3 at 233; Tr. Vol. 5 at 133-34.
[4] On February 17, 2018, Junior was at the residence with his daughters. Tr. Vol.
5 at 111-13. At 9:13 p.m. that night, Lake County 911 received a call from
Wilderness reporting that “he shot his son three times.” Tr. Vol. 4 at 60, 67-68;
Tr. Vol. 5 at 171. While speaking with the 911 operator, Wilderness stated that
Junior’s breathing was slowing and that he thought his son was going to die.
Tr. Vol. 5 at 174. At one point, Wilderness said he thought Junior had stopped
breathing. Id. The 911 operator asked Wilderness if he wanted to perform
CPR on Junior, and Wilderness responded, “no.” Id.
[5] In response to the 911 call, police were dispatched to the home of Wilderness.
Tr. Vol. 4 at 54, 91, 115. When they arrived, Wilderness exited the residence
with his hands in the air and was detained while the police could assess the
scene. Id. at 56-57, 117. Inside the house, officers found Junior and his infant
daughters at the bottom of the basement stairs. Id. at 93, 99, 118. Two
revolvers were sitting at the top of the stairs leading to the basement. Id. at 118.
When the officer began to attend to Junior, he told them, “Help. . . . I’m dying.
Help me. I’m dying.” Id. at 93. One officer checked Junior’s wounds and
fastened a tourniquet, while a second officer took care of the infants. Id. at 93-
95. The paramedics soon arrived and took over tending to Junior. Id. at 69-70.
After providing Junior with oxygen and intravenous fluids, the paramedics
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-CR-88 | August 24, 2020 Page 4 of 36
transported him to the hospital. Id. at 76. During the trip to the hospital,
Junior’s condition deteriorated, and the paramedics twice had to use needles to
decompress his right lung. Id. at 77-78.
[6] Once at the hospital, Junior was taken into emergency surgery but died during
the surgery. Tr. Vol. 5 at 117. An autopsy was performed, during which four
gunshot wounds were identified, and three bullets were recovered from Junior’s
body. Tr. Vol. 3 at 244; Tr. Vol. 4 at 11-13. The first gunshot wound was a
“through-and-through gunshot wound” passing through Junior’s right hand
with gunpowder stippling around the wound. Tr. Vol. 4 at 15-18. The stippling
indicated that the gun was fired at close range, and the pathologist described
this as a defensive wound consistent with Junior “attempting to protect himself
by pushing” away the gun. Id. at 16, 22, 33. That bullet apparently then
entered Junior’s upper chest and lodged into his right shoulder area. Tr. Vol. 4
at 19, 23, 28. The second bullet was recovered from Junior’s left thigh, and the
third bullet entered his abdomen and passed through the diaphragm, liver, and
right lung before stopping in his back muscle, causing his death. Id. at 14, 20.
It was later confirmed that all three bullets were fired from Wilderness’s
revolver. Id. at 24.
[7] After he was arrested, Wilderness made a statement to police in which he again
admitted to shooting Junior. Tr. Vol. 5 at 175. Wilderness also told the officers
that Junior did not possess any weapons and did not have one the night of the
murder. Id. Wilderness additionally told the police that Junior had not
punched him prior to the shooting. Id. at 177.
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[8] In their investigation, the police recovered a voicemail from the phone of
Marisa Wilderness (“Marisa”), Junior’s sister and the daughter of Wilderness.
Tr. Vol. 4 at 158; Tr. Vol. 5 at 63, 118; State’s Ex. 210. The voicemail had been
sent by Junior at 8:58 p.m. on the night of the murder and was approximately
two-and-a-half minutes in length. Tr. Vol. 5 at 47-56; State’s Ex. 210. The
recording captured some of the interactions between Wilderness and Junior
around the time of the shooting. State’s Ex. 210. On the recording, Junior can
be heard yelling at his father, “Shoot me, N*****, shoot, shoot, shoot, shoot!”
Id. at 00:28-33. Wilderness can be heard stating, “get out of my house, boy.”
Id. at 2:26-28.
[9] On February 20, 2019, the State charged Wilderness with murder and later, on
May 1, 2019, added an enhancement for use of a firearm. Appellant’s App. Vol.
II at 30, 109. Prior to Wilderness’s trial, the State filed notice that it intended to
present evidence, under Indiana Evidence Rule 404(b), of an incident that
occurred on January 13, 2018 (“the January incident”), where Wilderness
became angry during a discussion of Junior’s divorce, produced a firearm from
his pocket, pointed it at Junior, and made verbal threats. Id. at 97-98.2
Following a hearing on the State’s notice, the trial court granted the State’s
request to present 404(b) evidence but later clarified that the evidence would
only be admissible if Wilderness put his intent at issue. Id. at 107; Tr. Vol. 2 at
2 The State initially filed two notices regarding evidence under Evidence Rule 404(b) but then discovered that
the witnesses were describing a single event. Appellant’s App. Vol. II at 97-104; Tr. Vo. 2 at 3-4.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-CR-88 | August 24, 2020 Page 6 of 36
41. At trial, the trial court found that Wilderness’s opening statement raised
self-defense and put his intent at issue, and, therefore, the State could introduce
the 404(b) evidence. Tr. Vol. 3 at 227-31; Tr. Vol. 5 at 93-96.
[10] Prior to trial, Wilderness also filed a motion in limine, seeking to exclude the
recording of Junior’s voicemail to Marissa from the night of the murder because
the recording was of such poor quality that it would cause the jury to speculate
as to its contents. Appellant’s App. Vol. II at 121-22. The trial court reviewed the
recording out of the presence of the jury and denied Wilderness’s motion,
finding “that there are enough intelligible portions to be helpful to this jury.”
Tr. Vol. 4 at 47-48. The trial court also rejected a request to redact unintelligible
parts of the recording. Id. at 50-51.
[11] The jury trial commenced on November 4, 2019. Wilderness testified in his
defense and claimed that Junior “just kind of like went off” after Wilderness
asked him about not answering the door when Marissa had stopped by earlier
that day. Tr. Vol. 5 at 228. Wilderness testified that Junior became upset,
blocked Wilderness’s movement, and that they “tangled a little bit” with Junior
pushing Wilderness to the floor in the kitchen. Id. at 230-31. Wilderness also
described a second confrontation a short time later in the living room where he
repeatedly told Junior to “get out,” and Junior again grabbed him and pushed
him to the ground before going down to the basement. Id. at 234-35.
Wilderness stated that he then started to call the police but hung up because he
did not “want to make things worse for [his] son.” Id. at 236-37. Wilderness
testified that he then confronted his son in the basement, telling him “you gotta
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-CR-88 | August 24, 2020 Page 7 of 36
go.” Id. at 237. According to Wilderness, Junior “grabbed [him] again” and
pushed him down, breaking a table. Id. at 237-38. When Junior then started to
come toward him again, Wilderness, who stated that he carried two pistols on
his person, grabbed the pistol he kept on his right side. Id. at 238. Wilderness
testified that Junior “kept coming,” “got on top” of Wilderness, and “tried to
grab” the gun from him. Id. Wilderness testified that he thought Junior “might
take” the gun from Wilderness and shoot him, so he then fired the gun three
times while Junior “was over the top of” him but denied that he was aiming at
Junior. Id. at 239.
[12] Based on Wilderness’s claim of self-defense, the trial court provided two selfdefense final jury instructions which were instructions that the trial court had
“been using for many many years.” Id. at 187; Tr. Vol. 6 at 23; Appellant’s App.
Vol. II at 155-56. Wilderness did not object to these final instructions on selfdefense or to any of the trial court’s other final instructions. Tr. Vol. 6 at 27.
The State requested an instruction on voluntary manslaughter, but Wilderness
objected, arguing the evidence did not indicate that Wilderness was excited at
the time of the crime, and the trial court denied the request for a voluntary
manslaughter instruction. Id. at 25-27.
[13] At the conclusion of the trial, the jury found Wilderness guilty of murder. Id. at
91; Appellant’s App. Vol. II at 169. Wilderness waived his right to a jury trial on
the firearm enhancement and pleaded guilty to the enhancement. Appellant’s
App. Vol. II at 170. On December 11, 2019, the trial court sentenced Wilderness
to fifty years in the Indiana Department of Correction for his murder conviction
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-CR-88 | August 24, 2020 Page 8 of 36
and a five-year enhancement for use of a firearm, resulting in an aggregate
sentence of fifty-five years. Id. at 188-89. Wilderness now appeals.
Discussion and Decision
I. Admission and Exclusion of Evidence
[14] The admission and exclusion of evidence rests within the sound discretion of
the trial court, and we review the exclusion of evidence only for an abuse of that
discretion. Griffith v. State, 31 N.E.3d 965, 969 (Ind. 2015). An abuse of
discretion occurs where the trial court’s decision is clearly against the logic and
effect of the facts and circumstances presented. Barnhart v. State, 15 N.E.3d
138, 143 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014). “Even if a trial court errs in its evidentiary
ruling, ‘we will not overturn the conviction if the error is harmless.’” Griffith, 31
N.E.3d at 969 (quoting Appleton v. State, 740 N.E.2d 122, 124 (Ind. 2001)
(citations omitted)). “An error is harmless if ‘the probable impact of the
evidence upon the jury is sufficiently minor so as not to affect a party’s
substantial rights.’” Id. (quoting Appleton, 740 N.E.2d at 124). The trial court’s
ruling will be sustained on any reasonable basis apparent in the record, whether
or not relied on by the parties or the trial court. Washburn v. State, 121 N.E.3d
657, 661 (Ind. Ct. App. 2019) (citing Jeter v. State, 888 N.E.2d 1257, 1267 (Ind.
2008), cert. denied, 555 U.S. 1055 (2008)), trans. denied.
A. 404(b) Evidence
[15] Wilderness argues that the trial court abused its discretion when it admitted
evidence of the January incident in which Wilderness became angry during a
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-CR-88 | August 24, 2020 Page 9 of 36
discussion of Junior’s divorce, produced a firearm and pointed it, and made
verbal threats, under Indiana Evidence Rule 404(b) because the evidence did
not prove motive or intent or show the relationship between Wilderness and
Junior, and, instead, only showed that Wilderness had a violent relationship
with his family and a propensity to commit violence against Junior. Wilderness
further contends that the evidence of the January incident should not have been
admitted. He argues that there was insufficient evidence to show that it was
relevant to the relationship between him and Junior, and, specifically, that there
was not sufficient evidence that the conversation from the January incident
concerned Junior’s divorce or that Wilderness threatened Junior. He also
contends that the evidence regarding the January incident was unfairly
prejudicial because the jury could infer from the evidence that he had the
propensity to do violence to his family and acted in conformity therewith when
he shot Junior.
[16] Indiana Evidence Rule 404(b) prohibits a trial court from admitting evidence of
another crime, wrong, or act “to prove a person’s character in order to show
that on a particular occasion the person acted in accordance with the
character.” Ind. Evidence Rule 404(b)(1). “The purpose of the rule is to protect
against the ‘forbidden inference -- that the defendant acted badly in the past,
and that the defendant’s present, charged actions conform with those past bad
acts . . . .’” Erickson v. State, 72 N.E.3d 965, 973-74 (Ind. Ct. App. 2017)
(quoting Nicholson v. State, 963 N.E.2d 1096, 1099-100 (Ind. 2012) (citation
omitted)), trans. denied. Evidence of crimes, wrongs, or other acts are
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-CR-88 | August 24, 2020 Page 10 of 36
admissible if offered for another purpose, such as to prove “motive,
opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, absence of mistake,
or lack of accident.” Evid. R. 404(b)(2). In assessing the admissibility of 404(b)
evidence, we: (1) determine whether the evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or
acts is relevant to a matter at issue other than the defendant’s propensity to
commit the charged act; and (2) balance the probative value of the evidence
against its prejudicial effect pursuant to Rule 403. Erickson, 72 N.E.3d at 974.
[17] In the present case, the State sought to introduce evidence from the January
incident in which Wilderness was present at a family meeting along with other
family members including Junior, and a discussion occurred regarding what
actions Junior should take in his divorce. Appellant’s App. Vol. II at 97-98; Tr.
Vol. 3 at 228. At the meeting, Wilderness became angry about what was being
said and produced a Smith and Wesson .38 caliber handgun from his pocket,
pointed the firearm at one of the family members, and made verbal threats.
Appellant’s App. Vol. II at 97-98; Tr. Vol. 3 at 228. The State stated that it was
offering the evidence of the January incident for various permissible purposes
including Wilderness’s motive and intent. Appellant’s App. Vol. II at 97-98. The
trial court initially granted the State’s request to present 404(b) evidence, but
then clarified that the evidence would be admissible only if Wilderness put his
intent at issue. Id. at 107; Tr. Vol. 2 at 41. At trial, the trial court found that
Wilderness’s opening statement raised a claim of self-defense and put his intent
at issue, and, therefore, the State could introduce the 404(b) evidence. Tr. Vol. 3
at 227-31; Tr. Vol. 5 at 93-96.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-CR-88 | August 24, 2020 Page 11 of 36
[18] “Evidence of motive is always relevant in the proof of a crime, and a
defendant’s prior actions with respect to the victim are also usually admissible
to show the relationship between the two.” Fry v. State, 748 N.E.2d 369, 372
(Ind. 2001). The intent exception is narrowly construed and is available only
“when a defendant goes beyond merely denying the charged culpability and
affirmatively presents a claim of particular contrary intent.” Fairbanks v. State,
119 N.E.3d 564, 569 (Ind. 2019) (citing Wickizer v. State, 626 N.E.2d 795, 799
(Ind. 1993)), cert. denied, 140 S. Ct. 198 (2019). The exception is available when
a defendant’s claim of contrary intent is alleged in the opening statement, by
cross-examination of the State’s witnesses, or by presentation of his own casein-chief. Id.
[19] The evidence of the January incident, which related to Junior’s pending divorce
and occurred during his parenting time when the twins were present, was
relevant to understand Wilderness’s intent and motive to shoot and kill Junior.
The January incident involved a situation where Junior’s divorce was being
discussed during a visitation with Junior’s twins. Wilderness became angry,
displayed his gun, pushed Patricia down, and made threats to “end it” and “kill
us all,” directed to everyone present including Junior. Tr. Vol. 5 at 103-06, 127-
31. This evidence created a reasonable inference that Wilderness had already
threatened and contemplated killing Junior and that his intent and motive for
the subsequent killing one month later were based on the same matters involved
in the January incident, namely, Junior’s divorce issues, that caused the prior
threat. This evidence was relevant and probative in that it showed that
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-CR-88 | August 24, 2020 Page 12 of 36
Wilderness and Junior had a contentious relationship in which Wilderness
became angry when discussing Junior’s divorce and made threats while
brandishing a firearm. Evidence of prior crimes and misconduct that tends to
show a hostile relationship between the defendant and the victim is admissible.
See Evans v. State, 727 N.E.2d 1072, 1080 (Ind. 2000) (finding that evidence of
prior bad acts was relevant and probative in that it showed the defendant’s
relationship with the victim); Iqbal v. State, 805 N.E.2d 401, 408 (Ind. Ct. App.
2004) (finding that a prior incident where defendant argued with victim and
threatened her was admissible because it was indicative of defendant’s
relationship with victim and highly relevant for his motive to shoot her).
Additionally, evidence of a prior threat involving similar circumstances and
victims has been found admissible to rebut claims of self-defense. See Evans,
727 N.E.2d at 1080 (other misconduct evidence admissible where defendant
claimed self-defense); Sanders v. State, 704 N.E.2d 119, 124 (Ind. 1999) (other
misconduct evidence admissible to rebut self-defense claim); Goldsberry v. State,
821 N.E.2d 447, 456 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005) (prior evidence of misconduct
admissible where defendant raised self-defense claim in opening argument).
[20] Here, in admitting the evidence of the January incident, the trial court observed
that this case is similar to Evans. Tr. Vol. 5 at 99-100. In Evans, the defendant
went to his ex-girlfriend’s home, and while she and her new boyfriend were in
bed, he began stabbing at her with a knife, asking her “Is that the reason you
won’t take me back?” 727 N.E.2d at 1076. Evans and the boyfriend began to
fight, which led to Evans stabbing and killing the boyfriend. Id. Evans claimed
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-CR-88 | August 24, 2020 Page 13 of 36
self-defense and argued that the boyfriend was the initial aggressor. Id. at 1078-
79. The Supreme Court found the State properly introduced evidence under the
intent exception of Evidence Rule 404(b) that Evans had choked his exgirlfriend two days before the incident in question after she ended their
relationship. Id. at 1080. Because the defendant “went beyond merely denying
the charged culpability and affirmatively presented a claim of particular
contrary intent – self-defense,” the Court found the prior conduct relevant
because it rebutted the Evans’s claim that the victim was the initial aggressor.
Id.
[21] We agree with the trial court’s reasoning and reject Wilderness’s contention
that Evans is “critically distinguishable” from the present case because here
Patricia, and not Junior, “was the alleged victim of the [prior] physical bad
acts.” Appellant’s Br. at 20-21. Contrary to Wilderness’s assertion, Junior was a
victim of the prior threat because Junior was present in the room when
Wilderness brandished his gun and threatened to “kill [them] all” and to “end
it.” Tr. Vol. 5 at 105-06, 127-31. The January incident showed that Wilderness
had a volatile relationship with Junior prior to the murder and supported an
inference that his motive and intent to harm Junior were related to the issues
concerning Junior’s pending divorce. Evans is similar to the present case in that
it shows that the prior incident need not be identical to be probative of intent.
In Evans, the Supreme Court found that the evidence of a previous act of
choking the ex-girlfriend was probative and relevant to the killing of her new
boyfriend because it rebutted that the claim that victim was the initial aggressor
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-CR-88 | August 24, 2020 Page 14 of 36
and showed the defendant’s intent at the time of the murder. Evans, 727
N.E.2d 1078-80.
[22] We also reject Wilderness’s contention that the foundational evidence of the
January incident was not sufficient to establish its relevancy. When presenting
404(b) evidence, there must be sufficient proof from which a reasonable jury
could find the uncharged conduct proven by a preponderance of the evidence.
Caldwell v State, 43 N.E.3d 258, 264 (Ind. Ct. App. 2015) (citing Camm v. State,
908 N.E.2d 215, 224 (Ind. 2009)), trans. denied. Here, the State met this
requirement by presenting testimony from both Patricia and Marisa describing
the January incident and Wilderness’s actions and prior threats. Tr. Vol. 5 at
103-06, 127-31. Although there were minor differences in their recollection of
the January incident, both testified that Wilderness threatened his family while
brandishing a gun, and Marissa specifically testified that the prior threat
occurred during a discussion of Junior’s divorce. Id. at 105-06, 128-31. The
trial court was well within its discretion to find the January incident was proven
by a preponderance of the evidence.
[23] We must next balance the probative value of the evidence against its prejudicial
effect. Indiana Evidence Rule 403 provides that “[a]lthough relevant, evidence
may be excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger
of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury[.]” “When
determining any unfair prejudicial impact, courts should look for the dangers
that the jury will substantially overestimate the value of the evidence or that the
evidence will arouse or inflame the passions or sympathies of the jury.” Bell v.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-CR-88 | August 24, 2020 Page 15 of 36
State, 29 N.E.3d 137, 142 (Ind. Ct. App. 2015) (citing Duvall v. State, 978
N.E.2d 417, 428 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012), trans. denied), trans. denied.
Determination of whether the probative value of an evidentiary matter is
substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice is a discretionary
task best performed by the trial court. Id.
[24] Wilderness contends that the evidence of the January incident was overly
prejudicial because it could have caused the jury to speculate that he had a
propensity to make threats. We disagree. When the trial court admitted the
evidence, it limited the questioning to the January incident and the fact that, on
that date, Wilderness made threats to the family members present while armed
with a handgun. Tr. Vol. 5 at 94-96. The trial court also rejected all questions
from the jury that suggested that other incidents may have occurred. Id. at 150-
51. We further conclude that the prejudice was not exacerbated when a police
officer testified to recognizing Wilderness from prior calls. Tr. Vol. 4 at 115-16.
After Wilderness objected to the officer’s statement, and the objection was
sustained, there was no further mention of any prior calls. Id. No additional
evidence was presented as to the nature of the prior calls or Wilderness’s
interactions with police, and Wilderness did not request any admonishment
after objecting. Id. at 117.
[25] The evidence of the January incident was probative of the contentious
relationship between Wilderness and Junior and was relevant to show
Wilderness’s motive and intent when he shot Junior. The challenged evidence
involved a threat to Junior while Wilderness was armed with a firearm and
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-CR-88 | August 24, 2020 Page 16 of 36
related to Junior’s pending divorce. Although Wilderness argues that the
January incident was not really about his anger concerning Junior’s divorce, the
trial court was well within its discretion to find the events were related based on
the similar circumstances and available testimony. The probative value of the
testimony of the January incident was not substantially outweighed by the
danger of unfair prejudice, and the trial court did not abuse its discretion in
admitting testimony of the January incident.
[26] Finally, any error in the admission of the January incident evidence was
harmless. Errors in the admission of evidence are ordinarily disregarded as
harmless unless they affect the substantial rights of a party. Remy v. State, 17
N.E.3d 396, 401 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014) (citing Hoglund v. State, 962 N.E.2d 1230,
1238 (Ind. 2012)), trans. denied. In determining whether a party’s substantial
rights have been affected, we consider the evidence’s probable impact on the
factfinder. Id. “Improper admission of evidence is harmless error ‘if the
conviction is supported by substantial independent evidence of guilt satisfying
the reviewing court there is no substantial likelihood the challenged evidence
contributed to the conviction.’” Id. (quoting Hoglund, 962 N.E.2d at 1238).
[27] Here, Wilderness admitted to shooting Junior and refused a claim of sudden
heat; therefore, the only question before the jury was whether he acted in selfdefense. The evidence showed that Junior was unarmed and had no history of
violence. Tr. Vol. 5 at 249; Tr. Vol. 6 at 20-21. The pathologist testified that
Junior suffered what was described as a defensive wound consistent with Junior
“attempting to protect himself by pushing” away the gun. Tr. Vol. 4 at 22, 33.
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Further, the voicemail recording showed that the shooting occurred
approximately ten minutes before Wilderness called 911, and the State argued
that this lapse in time coupled with the state of the house when the police
arrived was consistent with Wilderness fabricating evidence of a struggle before
calling 911. State’s Exs. 11-153, 210; Tr. Vol. 5 at 171; Tr. Vol. 6 at 34-38. We,
therefore, conclude that any error in admitting evidence of the January incident
was harmless.
B. Voicemail
[28] Wilderness also argues that the trial court abused its discretion when it admitted
the recording of the voicemail that Junior left for Marisa that captured
interactions between Wilderness and Junior around the time of the shooting.
He asserts that the recording should not have been admitted because it was so
unintelligible as to invite speculation and assumption that it said what the State
claimed it did. Wilderness claims that a review of the recording reveals that
due to the crying of the children and the poor quality of the audio, very little
can be deciphered and no witness testified as to the events depicted on the
recording, which left the jury to speculate about its contents.
[29] To properly admit a tape recording made in a non-custodial setting, the
following foundational requirements must be established: (1) the recording
must be authentic and correct; (2) the testimony elicited must have been freely
and voluntarily made; (3) the recording must not contain matter otherwise not
admissible into evidence; and (4) the recording must be of such clarity as to be
intelligible and enlightening to the jury. Coleman v. State, 750 N.E.2d 370, 372-
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-CR-88 | August 24, 2020 Page 18 of 36
73 (Ind. 2001). It is within the trial court’s discretion to determine whether
such recordings meet these criteria. Id.
[30] Here, before admitting the recording into evidence, the trial court reviewed the
voicemail and found, “I think that there are enough intelligible portions to be
helpful to this jury.” Tr. Vol. 4 at 48. A review of the evidence shows that both
Wilderness and Junior can be intelligibly heard in the recording, and it captured
some of their interactions around the time of the shooting. State’s Ex. 210.
Junior can be heard yelling at his father, “Shoot me N*****, shoot, shoot,
shoot!” Id. at 00:28-33. Wilderness can be heard stating, “get out of my house
boy.” Id. at 2:26-28. The trial court was within its discretion to find that the
recording was of such clarity as to be intelligible and enlightening to the jury to
show the interactions between Junior and Wilderness around the time of the
murder. Coleman, 750 N.E.3d at 373.
[31] Further, the trial court was not required to exclude the recording simply
because parts of it were unclear. “Perfect quality is not required; rather taken as
a whole, the recording must be of such clarity that it does not lead the jury to
speculate about its contents.” Hall v. State, 897 N.E.2d 979, 981 (Ind. Ct. App.
2008) (citing Brown v. State, 577 N.E.2d 221, 230 (Ind. 1991)). Here, the
recording reflected the general tenor of the conversation between Junior and
Wilderness around the time of the murder, and the intelligible parts enlightened
the jury as to the interactions between the two. We believe that taken as a
whole the recording was of such clarity that it did not lead the jury to speculate
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-CR-88 | August 24, 2020 Page 19 of 36
as to its contents. The trial court did not abuse its discretion by admitting the
recording.
C. Exclusion of Hearsay
[32] Wilderness also contends that the trial court abused its discretion when it
admitted selective portions of his statements to law enforcement while
simultaneously excluding related portions as self-serving hearsay. He claims
that he was improperly denied the ability to present his full statement to police
made outside of his house, his full police interview, and his full 911 call.
Wilderness asserts that by excluding these statements and admitting only
selective portions, the testimony misled jury to believe that he coldly and
callously shot his son and left him to die with no contemporaneous explanation
and that the evidence he sought to admit would have corrected that
misperception. Wilderness further argues that the exclusion of the statements
was not harmless error because the excluded statements would have impeached
the law enforcement officers and were closely related to the controlling issue of
whether he acted in self-defense.
[33] “Generally, a defendant who does not testify cannot introduce exculpatory
statements made outside of court in order to enhance his credibility at trial.”
Sweeney v. State, 704 N.E.2d 86, 110 (Ind. 1998), cert. denied, 527 U.S. 1035
(1999). However, under the doctrine of completeness, “‘when one party
introduces part of a conversation or document, [the] opposing party is generally
entitled to have the entire conversation or entire instrument placed into
evidence.’” Id. (quoting McElroy v. State, 553 N.E.2d 835, 839 (Ind.1990)). The
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-CR-88 | August 24, 2020 Page 20 of 36
remainder of the statement is subject to the general rules of admissibility, and
any portions found immaterial, irrelevant, or prejudicial must be redacted. Id.
The doctrine of completeness applies even for self-serving hearsay statements.
McElroy, 553 N.E.2d at 839. The trial court is not required to admit remaining
portions of the statement “that are neither explanatory nor relevant to the
portions already introduced.” Barnett v. State, 916 N.E.2d 280, 286 (Ind. Ct.
App. 2009), trans. denied.
[34] Initially, we note that Wilderness has waived a portion of his argument. When
objecting to the trial court, he raised no claim that either his statement outside
his residence to law enforcement or his police interview should be admitted
under the doctrine of completeness. Tr. Vol. 4 at 125-26; Tr. Vol. 5 at 175-77.
As a general rule, a party may not present an argument or issue on appeal
unless the party raised that argument or issue before the trial court; in such
circumstances the argument is waived. Shorter v. State, 144 N.E.3d 829, 841
(Ind. Ct. App. 2020), trans. denied. If Wilderness had raised this issue to the trial
court, the State would have had the opportunity to address whether the
admitted portions of those statements were misleading without the excluded
portions.
[35] Further, Wilderness failed to make an offer of proof regarding the omitted
portions of his interview with police and 911 calls. Tr. Vol. 5 at 171-78. In
order to preserve the exclusion of evidence for appellate review, a defendant
must make an offer of proof. Fowler v. State, 929 N.E.2d 875, 881 (Ind. Ct. App.
2010), trans. denied. The purpose of an offer of proof is to convey the point of
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the witness’s testimony and provide the trial judge the opportunity to reconsider
the evidentiary ruling. State v. Wilson, 836 N.E.2d 407, 409 (Ind. 2005). To
accomplish these two purposes, an offer of proof must be sufficiently specific to
allow the trial court to determine whether the evidence is admissible and to
allow an appellate court to review the correctness of the trial court’s ruling and
whether any error was prejudicial. Id. Wilderness argues that the 911 call was
sufficiently preserved because the excluded evidence was apparent from the
context. However, the evidence presented from the 911 call -- that Wilderness
admitted to shooting Junior, that Junior was having trouble breathing, and that
Wilderness was not willing to perform CPR -- do not provide any context as to
what was contained in the rest of the over five-minute phone call. Tr. Vol. 5 at
171-74, 197.
[36] Waiver notwithstanding, Wilderness has not shown that the excluded evidence
was otherwise admissible and relevant to explain the portions already
introduced. “In determining what portion of a statement should be admitted,
the trial court should consider whether ‘(1) it explains the admitted evidence,
(2) places the admitted evidence in context, (3) avoids misleading the jury, and
(4) insures fair and impartial understanding of the evidence.’” Lewis v. State,
754 N.E.2d 603, 607 (Ind. Ct. App. 2001) (quoting United States v. Li, 55 F.3d
325, 330 (7th Cir. 1995)), trans. denied. At trial, Wilderness argued it was “just
not fair to let the State choose and pick” what parts of the 911 call to present
testimony on, but he did not argue to the trial court that the jury needed the
remainder of the 911 call to understand the testimony admitted or that the jury
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would be misled without the full recording. Tr. Vol. 5 at 173. Because
Wilderness did not make any claim at trial that the remainder of the 911
recording was necessary to understand and not be misled by the admitted
evidence, the trial court was within its discretion to deny his request for
admission of the statements under the doctrine of completeness.
[37] Even if the trial court abused its discretion, any error was harmless because
Wilderness testified at trial and was able to testify regarding his own statements.
See McElroy, 553 N.E.2d at 839-40 (finding that even though the trial court erred
in preventing the defendant from cross-examining an officer regarding certain
self-serving statements such error was harmless because the defendant was able
to present his recollection of the interrogation during his testimony).
Wilderness testified at trial and was able to tell his version of the entire matter,
including explaining what he told the 911 operator during the call and the
statements he made to the police during his statement and subsequent
interview. On appeal, Wilderness argues that he should have been allowed to
use the self-serving hearsay because it would have bolstered his claim of selfdefense. Appellant’s Br. at 43. However, if Wilderness wanted to present the
previously excluded evidence after he testified because of its relevance to his
claim of self-defense, he could have offered that as an evidentiary basis for its
admission at that time. We conclude that Wilderness had not shown that the
trial court erred when it excluded the challenged evidence.
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II. Mistrial
[38] Wilderness also contends that the trial court abused its discretion when it
denied his request for a mistrial after the jury was exposed to previously
excluded evidence that he pointed a gun at Patricia. He asserts that a mistrial
should have been granted because the “prejudicial and persuasive effect of the
excluded testimony was enormous” and that there was a high risk that the
evidence was misused as propensity information. Appellant’s Br. at 30. He
further maintains that the evidence allowed the jury to make a logical inference
that he pointed the gun at Patricia and, therefore, had the propensity to pull his
gun during verbal disputes with his family. In addition, Wilderness argues that
the trial court’s admonishment was not sufficient to protect him from peril. He
claims that the record showed that the jury did not follow the trial court’s
admonishment because the questions submitted by the jury that dealt entirely
with Wilderness’s propensity to make threats.
[39] “We review a trial court’s decision to deny a mistrial for abuse of discretion
because the trial court is in ‘the best position to gauge the surrounding
circumstances of an event and its impact on the jury.’” Cherry v. State, 971
N.E.2d 726, 732 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012) (quoting McManus v. State, 814 N.E.2d
253, 260 (Ind. 2004), cert. denied, 546 U.S. 831 (2005)), trans. denied. A mistrial
is appropriate only when the questioned conduct is “so prejudicial and
inflammatory that [the defendant] was placed in a position of grave peril to
which he should not have been subjected.” Id. (citing Mickens v. State, 742
N.E.2d 927, 929 (Ind. 2001)). The gravity of the peril is measured by the
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-CR-88 | August 24, 2020 Page 24 of 36
conduct’s probable persuasive effect on the jury. Id. The declaration of a
mistrial is an extreme action which is warranted only when no other recourse
could remedy the perilous situation. Pavey v. State, 764 N.E.2d 692, 698 (Ind.
Ct. App. 2002), trans. denied.
[40] When faced with a circumstance that a defendant believes might warrant a
mistrial, generally the correct procedure is to request an admonishment. Isom v.
State, 31 N.E.3d 469, 482 (Ind. 2015), cert. denied, 136 S. Ct. 1161 (2016). If
counsel is unsatisfied with the admonishment or it is obvious that the
admonishment will not be sufficient to cure the error, then counsel may move
for mistrial. Id. A “failure to request an admonishment or move for a mistrial
results in waiver of the issue.” Id. (emphasis in original). In essence “waiver
occurs where there was neither a request for admonishment nor a motion for
mistrial.” Id. (emphasis in original).
[41] In the present case, during the hearing about the January incident, the trial
court excluded any mention of Wilderness placing a gun to anyone’s head. Tr.
Vol. 5 at 94-95. The trial court further told the State to instruct its witnesses
concerning the exclusion of this testimony. Id. at 96. During cross
examination of Marisa, however, the following exchange occurred:
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Okay. So in June of 2018 you
testified under oath that you did not remember the conversation,
right?
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[MARISA]: The topic was about the divorce. I do not
remember what the discussion was that led up to my father
getting up and putting a gun in my mother’s face.
Id. at 144-45. Defense counsel then asked to approach the bench and moved for
mistrial on the basis of Marisa’s answer. Id. at 145. The trial court denied the
motion and instead gave the following admonishment to the jury:
The last comment by the witness has nothing to do with our --
our case. And you’re admonished to disregard it and it should
play no role in your discussion at the end of the trial and
certainly the ultimate issue on whether, you know, this event
occurred or how it occurred. So I admonish you, I inform, you
that you are to disregard that last comment by the witness. It
should not enter into your discussions, as we move forward with
this trial. Keep this in mind.
Id. at 147. Additionally, the jury received a specific instruction at the beginning
of the trial to not consider stricken evidence:
During the trial, the court may rule that certain questions may
not be answered and/or that certain exhibits may not be allowed
into evidence. You must not concern yourselves with the reasons
for the rulings. The court’s rulings are strictly controlled by law.
Occasionally, the court may strike evidence from the record after
you have already seen or heard it. You must not consider such
evidence in making your decision. Your verdict should be based
only on the evidence admitted and the instructions on the law.
Nothing that the court says or does is intended to recommend
what facts or what verdict you should find.
Appellant’s App. Vol. II at 135.
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[42] Wilderness was not subjected to grave peril because of the single reference to
him pointing a gun during the January incident. The comment by Marisa was
not intentionally presented by the State but, instead, occurred during crossexamination despite a previous warning from the State to its witnesses to not
mention Wilderness pointing a gun at anyone. Tr. Vol. 5 at 144-46. See Carter v.
State, 686 N.E.2d 834, 836 (Ind. 1997) (whether the evidence was intentionally
injected or came in inadvertently is a relevant factor in analyzing whether
testimony of prior acts warrants a mistrial). Any peril was immediately
addressed when the trial court admonished the jury not to consider the
testimony in their determination of the ultimate issue. This admonishment
coupled with the trial court’s preliminary instruction to the jury to not consider
stricken evidence cured any error in the inadvertent comment by Marisa. See
Lucio v. State, 907 N.E.2d 1008, 1011 (finding that trial court did not abuse its
discretion in denying a motion for mistrial after the jury heard testimony that
the defendant had been previously incarcerated because the admonition was
presumed to cure any error and the statement was inadvertent, and only a
minor part of the evidence against the defendant).
[43] Although Wilderness concedes that the admonishment would normally be
sufficient to cure any error, he alleges the admonishment here was ineffective
because a juror submitted a question regarding whether Wilderness had “ever
pulled his gun on anyone during a verbal dispute before.” Appellant Br. at 31
(citing Ct.’s Ex 3). However, the mistrial issue was about Marissa violating a
motion in limine by testifying that Wilderness pointed a gun. The trial court
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had previously allowed certain 404(b) evidence to include testimony that
Wilderness had brandished a gun during the January incident. Tr. Vol. 5 at 95-
96. “Pulling” a gun during the January incident was not part of the trial court’s
order -- only pointing the gun at anyone. Based on this, the juror’s question did
not show that the trial court’s admonishment was ineffective or that Wilderness
was placed in such grave peril that a mistrial was necessary. The trial court did
not abuse its discretion when it denied Wilderness’s request for a mistrial.
III. Jury Instructions
[44] Wilderness argues that the trial court committed fundamental error in
instructing the jury regarding self-defense. Specifically, he contends that Final
Instructions 3 and 13 were “incorrect statements of law that, in the context of
all relevant information, misled the jury as to a correct understanding of the law
of self-defense.” Appellant’s Br. at 45. As to Final Instruction 3, Wilderness
alleges that it failed to inform the jury that before they could convict him of
murder, the State must also prove beyond a reasonable doubt that he did not act
in self-defense. He maintains that Final Instruction 3, which contained the
elements of murder, should have further required the jury to find that the State
disproved self-defense beyond a reasonable doubt. As to Final Instruction 13,
Wilderness asserts that it was an incorrect statement of law because it only
instructed the jury that the defendant may use self-defense where it is
“necessary to do so to protect his life or to protect his person from great bodily
harm.” Appellant’s App. Vol. II at 156. He claims the instruction was erroneous
because “great bodily harm” was not broad enough to encompass Indiana’s
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statutory self-defense, which allows a person to use lethal force to prevent the
commission of any forcible felony. Appellant’s Br. at 47 (citing Ind. Code § 35-
41-3-2(c)(2)).
[45] The manner of instructing a jury is left to the sound discretion of the trial court.
Albores v. State, 987 N.E.2d 98, 99 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013), trans. denied. We review
the trial court’s decision only for an abuse of that discretion. Id. Wilderness
did not object to the jury instructions given by the trial court. Failure to object
to a jury instruction results in waiver on appeal, unless giving the instruction
was fundamental error. Barthalow v. State, 119 N.E.3d 204, 211 (Ind. Ct. App.
2019). “An error may be fundamental and thus not subject to waiver, if it is a
‘substantial blatant violation of basic principles.’” Id. (quoting Moreland v. State,
701 N.E.2d 288, 294 (Ind. Ct. App. 1998)). The error must be so prejudicial to
the defendant’s rights as to make a fair trial impossible. Id. “This exception to
the general rule requiring a contemporaneous objection is narrow, providing
relief only in ‘egregious circumstances’ that made a fair trial impossible.”
Pattison v. State, 54 N.E.3d 361, 365 (Ind. 2016).
[46] In considering a claim of fundamental error with respect to jury instructions, we
look to the instructions as a whole to determine if they were adequate. Munford
v. State, 923 N.E.2d 11, 14 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010). When determining whether a
defendant suffered a due process violation based on an incorrect jury
instruction, we look not to the erroneous instruction in isolation, but in the
context of all relevant information given to the jury, including closing
argument, and other instructions. Ryan v. State, 9 N.E.3d 663, 668 (Ind. 2014).
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When all information, as a whole, does not mislead the jury as to the correct
understanding of the law, there is no fundamental error. Boesch v. State, 778
N.E.2d 1276, 1279 (Ind. 2002).
[47] Wilderness first argues that Final Instruction 3, which informed the jury of the
elements of murder and that these elements must be proven beyond a
reasonable doubt, was erroneous because it should have further included
language requiring the jury to find that the State disproved self-defense beyond
a reasonable doubt. However, Wilderness cites no authority that an instruction
on the elements of murder is fundamentally erroneous if it does not address the
State’s burden to disprove self-defense. He cites to cases which involved
instructions for voluntary manslaughter and which found error where the
instructions misstated the law by improperly requiring the State to prove,
instead of disprove, sudden heat, Eichelberger v. State, 852 N.E.2d 631, 639 (Ind.
Ct. App. 2006), trans. denied, or by only allowing consideration of voluntary
manslaughter if the defendant is found not guilty of murder, Roberson v. State,
982 N.E.2d 452, 460 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013). However, voluntary manslaughter
is not a defense to murder; it is a separate offense which includes all the
elements of murder and additionally requires the State to disprove sudden heat.
See Ind. Code § 35-42-1-1; Ind. Code § 35-41-1-3.
[48] In looking at the instructions as a whole, they correctly stated the law as the
jury was specifically informed in Final Instruction 12 that “[t]he State ha[d] the
burden of disproving the defense of self-defense beyond a reasonable doubt”
and before the jury could find “the defendant guilty of the crime charged, you
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must find beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant was not acting in selfdefense.” Appellant’s App. Vol. II at 155. Nothing in Final Instruction 3
suggested that self-defense was not available. Id. at 146. Because we do not
find that the instructions as a whole misstated the law or otherwise misled the
jury, Wilderness has not shown that Final Instruction 3 amounted to
fundamental error. Munford, 923 N.E.2d at 14.
3
[49] Wilderness next argues that the trial court committed fundamental error by
instructing the jury in Final Instruction 13 that a defendant may only use lethal
force as self-defense to “protect himself from an assailant” where he honestly
and reasonably believes that the force is necessary “to protect his life or to
protect his person from great bodily harm.” Appellant’s App. Vol. II at 156. The
language in the instruction, including the challenged “great bodily harm”
language, was a correct statement of law based on precedent from the Indiana
Supreme Court: “In order to prevail on a claim of self-defense a defendant
must show: (1) he was in a place where he had a right to be; (2) he acted
without fault; and (3) he had a reasonable fear of death or great bodily harm.”
Coleman v. State, 946 N.E.2d 1160, 1165 (Ind. 2011); see also Randolph v. State,
755 N.E.2d 572, 576 (Ind. 2001); Wallace v. State, 725 N.E.2d 837, 840 (Ind.
3 Although Wilderness is correct that that the commentary introducing Chapter 10 of Indiana’s Pattern
Criminal Jury Instructions does state that an element instruction should be modified to include a defense
when a defense is properly raised, the pattern instructions “are not formally approved” for use. Campbell v.
State, 19 N.E.3d 271, 275 n.3 (Ind. 2014).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-CR-88 | August 24, 2020 Page 31 of 36
2000); Jordan v. State, 656 N.E.2d 816, 817 (Ind. 1995); Wade v. State, 482
N.E.2d 704, 706 (Ind. 1985).
[50] Wilderness, however, maintains that Final Instruction 13 was erroneous
because “great bodily harm” does not encompass language in Indiana’s selfdefense statute, which allows a person to use lethal force to prevent the
commission of any forcible felony. See Ind. Code § 35-41-3-2(c). Although
Final Instruction 13 does not contain the language concerning lethal force, the
jury was also specifically instructed of the statutory right to use such force in
Final Instruction 12, which stated in pertinent part, “a person is justified in
using deadly force and does not have a duty to retreat if the person reasonably
believes that the force is necessary to prevent serious bodily injury to the person
or a third person or the commission of a forcible felony.” Appellant’s App. Vol. II
at 155. Therefore, reading the instructions as a whole, we do not find that the
instructions given by the trial court misstated the law or otherwise misled the
jury, and Wilderness has not shown that Final Instruction 13 amounted to
fundamental error. Munford, 923 N.E.2d at 14. We conclude that the trial
court did not commit fundamental error in instructing the jury.
IV. Prosecutorial Misconduct
[51] Wilderness contends that, in its rebuttal closing argument, the State committed
prosecutorial misconduct, which rose to the level of fundamental error.
Specifically, he argues that a statement made by the State was an evidentiary
harpoon and placed prejudicial facts in evidence that had been previously
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excluded. Wilderness further asserts that this misconduct rose to the level of
fundamental error as it subjected him to grave peril because it invited the jury to
infer from facts not in evidence that Wilderness was “a lawbreaker who would
then lie about it” and for the jury to disregard Wilderness’s testimony regarding
his claims of self-defense on the basis of a criminal behavior for which he was
not charged and for which no evidence was produced. Appellant’s Br. at 52.
[52] In reviewing a claim of prosecutorial misconduct properly raised in the trial
court, we determine “(1) whether misconduct occurred, and if so, (2) ‘whether
the misconduct, under all of the circumstances, placed the defendant in a
position of grave peril to which he or she would not have been subjected’
otherwise.” Ryan, 9 N.E.3d at 667 (quoting Castillo v. State, 974 N.E.2d 458,
468 (Ind. 2012)). “A prosecutor has the duty to present a persuasive final
argument and thus placing a defendant in grave peril, by itself, is not
misconduct.” Id. (citing Mahla v. State, 496 N.E.2d 568, 572 (Ind.1986)).
Whether a prosecutor’s argument constitutes misconduct is measured by
reference to case law and the Rules of Professional Conduct. Id. The gravity of
peril is measured by the probable persuasive effect of the misconduct on the
jury’s decision rather than the degree of impropriety of the conduct. Id. To
preserve a claim of prosecutorial misconduct, the defendant must request an
admonishment to the jury at the time the alleged misconduct occurs, and if
further relief is desired, move for a mistrial. Id.
[53] However, Wilderness did not object or request an admonishment as to the
challenged statement by the State. Where a claim of prosecutorial misconduct
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has not been properly preserved, our standard for review is different from that
of a properly preserved claim. Cooper v. State, 854 N.E.2d 831, 835 (Ind. Ct.
App. 2006). In such circumstances, the defendant must establish not only the
grounds for the misconduct but also the additional grounds for fundamental
error. Ryan, 9 N.E.3d at 667-68. Fundamental error is an extremely narrow
exception that allows a defendant to avoid waiver of an issue. Cooper, 854
N.E.2d at 835. In establishing fundamental error, the defendant faces the heavy
burden of showing that the alleged errors are so prejudicial to the defendant’s
rights as to “make a fair trial impossible.” Ryan, 9 N.E.3d at 668. In other
words, the defendant must show that, under the circumstances, the trial judge
erred in not sua sponte raising the issue because alleged errors (a) “constitute
clearly blatant violations of basic and elementary principles of due process” and
(b) “present an undeniable and substantial potential for harm.” Id. (citations
omitted). “Fundamental error is meant to permit appellate courts a means to
correct the most egregious and blatant trial errors that otherwise would have
been procedurally barred, not to provide a second bite at the apple for defense
counsel who ignorantly, carelessly, or strategically fail to preserve an error.” Id.
[54] Here, the statement challenged by Wilderness occurred during the State’s
rebuttal closing argument when the prosecutor stated, “Let’s talk about
credibility. Defendant’s own words. He says he doesn’t carry firearms where
he isn’t allowed. And I pose the question, ‘Can non-law enforcement officials
carry firearms at a high school basketball game?’ Can they?” Tr. Vol. 6 at 65-
66. In making this statement, the prosecutor was challenging Wilderness’s
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credibility because Wilderness testified that he only carried his guns where guns
are allowed but also admitted during his direct testimony that he brought two
firearms to a high school basketball game on the night of the murder:
Q: How long were you at the game, [Wilderness]?
A: About a good hour and ten minutes.
Q: . . . do you have permit to carry firearms?
A: Yes, I do.
Q: Did you have firearms with you, when you went to the game?
A: Yes, I did.
Tr. Vol. 5 at 222, 244-45.
[55] “‘It is proper for a prosecutor to argue both law and fact during final argument
and propound conclusions based upon his analysis of the evidence.’” Neville v.
State, 976 N.E.2d 1252, 1261 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012) (quoting Steinberg v. State,
941 N.E.2d 515, 531 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011), trans. denied), trans. denied.
Prosecutors may not argue facts not in evidence. Id. (citing Spangler v. State, 498
N.E.2d 1206, 1209 (Ind. 1986)). In Oldham v. State, this court found that final
argument alleging a defendant committed a crime “not charged and [that] is
unsupported by the evidence subjects a defendant to such grave peril as to
entitle him to reversal and to a new trial.” 779 N.E.2d 1162, 1176 (Ind. Ct.
App. 2002), trans. denied.
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[56] Wilderness claims the challenged statement by the prosecutor was a
misstatement of the record because the prosecutor never asked about the
legality of guns at schools and was specifically denied a request to ask a police
officer about the legality of carrying firearms in a high school basketball game.
Tr. Vol. 6 at 18. However, here, no misconduct occurred because the
prosecutor’s challenged statement was based on the evidence at trial. The
prosecutor did not misstate the evidence and, instead, asked the jury to rely on
its own common knowledge that schools are gun-free zones. Id. at 65-66. The
present case is distinguishable from Oldham, where the argument of other bad
acts was “unsupported by the evidence[.]” 779 N.E.2d at 1176. Here, the
prosecutor raised an issue of credibility based on Wilderness’s testimony that he
had his firearms with him when he attended a high school basketball game. Tr.
Vol. 5 at 222. Wilderness also asserts that the prosecutor’s argument was
improper because it ignored that firearms may be legally secured in a vehicle on
school property. See Ind. Code § 35-47-9-2(b). However, Wilderness’s
testimony did not indicate that such precautions were taken and instead only
established that he had the firearms with him when he went to the game. Tr.
Vol. 5 at 222.
[57] Even if the prosecutor’s statements constituted misconduct, fundamental error
still did not occur because the misconduct was not so prejudicial to
Wilderness’s rights as to “make a fair trial impossible.” Ryan, 9 N.E.3d at 668.
This case did not involve statements concerning prior misconduct that was not
supported by the evidence presented as occurred in Oldham. See 779 N.E.2d at
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1176. Here, the prosecutor limited his argument to the facts presented at trial
and asked the jury to draw a conclusion on credibility from those facts. We
conclude that Wilderness has not proven that the State committed prosecutorial
misconduct that rose to the level of fundamental error.
V. Cumulative Error
[58] Wilderness argues that the cumulative effect of the above errors, as well as
other errors found but not adequately preserved in the record, rendered his trial
fundamentally unfair. A defendant is entitled to a fair trial, not a perfect trial.
Inman v. State, 4 N.E.3d 190, 203 (Ind. 2014). The Indiana Supreme Court has
“been willing to assume, ‘for the sake of argument, that under some
circumstances the cumulative effect of trial errors may warrant reversal even if
each might be deemed harmless in isolation, in this case it is clear in light of the
evidence of guilt that no prejudice resulted from any of the erroneous rulings,
individually or cumulatively.’” Id. (quoting Hubbell v. State, 754 N.E.2d 884,
895 (Ind. 2001)). Here, we do not find error, much less errors that resulted in
prejudice. Accordingly, reversal is not warranted.
Outcome: Affirmed
Plaintiff's Experts:
Defendant's Experts:
Comments: