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Date: 06-28-2020
Case Style:
STATE OF NEBRASKA V. HOLLY R. LINER
Case Number: A-19-1095, A-19-1099
Judge: Frankie Moore
Court: IN THE NEBRASKA COURT OF APPEALS
Plaintiff's Attorney: Douglas J. Peterson, Attorney General, and Nathan A. Liss
Defendant's Attorney:
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Description:
In the first case, No. A-19-1095 (Buffalo County District Court case No. CR 19-39),
Liner was charged on February 12, 2019, with possession of a controlled substance, to wit:
methamphetamine, an exceptionally hazardous drug, a Class IV felony. In the second case, No.
A-19-1099 (Buffalo County District Court case No. CR 19-40), Liner was charged on the same
date with the same offense. In both cases, Liner was additionally charged with being a habitual
criminal. Pursuant to a plea agreement governing both cases, a third case was dismissed and Liner
reserved the right to contest habitual criminal enhancement at the time of sentencing.
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At the enhancement hearing, the State offered evidence of Liner’s four prior felony
convictions. In orders filed on October 24, 2019, the district court found her to be a habitual
criminal and sentenced her in each case to a term of imprisonment of not less than 10 years nor
more than 14 years, with the sentences to run concurrently. Liner was given credit for 332 days
served. Liner timely appealed from these orders, and this court subsequently granted Liner’s
motion to consolidate the cases for briefing and disposition.
ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
Liner asserts that the district court erred in finding her to be a habitual criminal and in
imposing an excessive sentence.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
Statutory interpretation is a question of law, which an appellate court resolves
independently of the trial court. State v. Lierman, 305 Neb. 289, 940 N.W.2d 529 (2020).
An appellate court will not disturb a sentence imposed within the statutory limits absent an
abuse of discretion by the trial court. Id.
ANALYSIS
Habitual Criminal Finding.
In sentencing Liner as a habitual criminal, the district court relied on the State’s submission
of certified copies of four prior felony convictions. Three of those prior convictions involved
underlying misdemeanor crimes which were charged as felonies because they had been enhanced
as a subsequent offense. One conviction was for a crime that was a felony offense on its own. In
each of those cases, Liner had been sentenced to jail terms of one year or more.
Liner contends that the enhancement of her sentences as a habitual criminal is invalid
because of the nature of the three prior convictions that were not felonies per se but were charged
as such because of their enhancement as subsequent offenses. Liner’s argument is based upon the
language of Neb. Rev. Stat. § 29-2221 (Reissue 2016). Subsection (1) provides, in part:
Whoever has been twice convicted of a crime, sentenced, and committed to prison, in this
or any other state or by the United States or once in this state and once at least in any other
state or by the United States, for terms of not less than one year each shall, upon conviction
of a felony committed in this state, be deemed to be a habitual criminal . . . .
Subsection (2) provides, in relevant part:
If the accused is convicted of a felony, before sentence is imposed a hearing shall
be had before the court alone as to whether such person has been previously convicted of
prior felonies. . . . At the hearing, if the court finds from the evidence submitted that the
accused has been convicted two or more times of felonies and sentences imposed therefor
by the courts of this or any other state or by the United States, the court shall sentence such
person so convicted as a habitual criminal.
Liner’s argument on appeal is that she cannot be sentenced as a habitual criminal unless
she was twice convicted of felonies, and the record shows that she was previously convicted of
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only one stand-alone felony. Liner believes that the prior misdemeanor charges, enhanced to felony
status because they were subsequent offenses, do not qualify as felonies under the plain language
of § 29-2221(2).
The Nebraska Supreme Court has recently directly addressed the issue raised by Liner in
this appeal, finding that such an argument was foreclosed by its opinion in State v. Abejide, 293
Neb. 687, 879 N.W.2d 684 (2016). The court explained:
In that case, we distinguished between triggering convictions and prior convictions under
the statute. We explained that a triggering offense is the “offense for which the defendant
is currently being sentenced” and a prior offense is “one of the offenses that establishes
that the defendant was a habitual criminal at the time he or she committed the triggering
offense.” Id. at 710-11, 879 N.W.2d at 701. We then observed that the habitual criminal
statute does not enhance the penalty for prior convictions, but is applied to the penalty for
the triggering offense, and that thus, the fact the penalty for a prior conviction was itself
enhanced does not result in a double penalty enhancement of the triggering offense. Id.
Instead, even convictions that are enhanced under a specific subsequent offense statute can
be used as prior convictions so long as they meet the statutory requirement that such
convictions resulted in terms of imprisonment of not less than 1 year. Id.
State v. Briggs, 303 Neb. 352, 377-78, 929 N.W.2d 65, 86 (2019) (emphasis supplied).
Liner argues that this interpretation ignores the plain language of the statute and that her
sentencing as a habitual criminal should not stand. Brief for appellant at 14. We disagree. As set
forth in detail in State v. Abejide, supra, and recently reaffirmed in State v. Briggs, supra, the plain
language of the statute indicates that a qualifying prior conviction includes any felony for which
the offender received not less than 1 year’s imprisonment, and even convictions that are enhanced
under a specific subsequent offense statute can be used as prior convictions. The prior enhanced
convictions complained of by Liner clearly meet that criteria. This assigned error fails.
Excessive Sentence.
Liner next argues that, if this court finds that the habitual criminal enhancement was proper,
we should nonetheless find that her sentences on the two charges were excessive. Liner notes that,
standing alone, a sentence for possession of a small amount of methamphetamine is a maximum
of two years, and she contends that the maximum sentences actually imposed of 14 years are
untenable. Liner does not contend that the sentences were outside the statutory limits, but argues
that there is no indication in the record that the court considered relevant factors in determining
the sentences.
In determining a sentence to be imposed, relevant factors customarily considered and
applied are the defendant’s (1) age, (2) mentality, (3) education and experience, (4) social and
cultural background, (5) past criminal record or record of law-abiding conduct, and (6) motivation
for the offense, as well as (7) the nature of the offense and (8) the amount of violence involved in
the commission of the crime. State v. Lierman, supra. The appropriateness of a sentence is
necessarily a subjective judgment and includes the sentencing judge’s observation of the
defendant’s demeanor and attitude and all the facts and circumstances surrounding the defendant’s
life. Id.
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At the enhancement and sentencing hearings, held the same day, the district court stated
that it had reviewed the presentence investigative report (PSR) that was completed by probation.
The PSR shows that Liner was 35 years old, had a high school education, and was unemployed.
She has two children for whom her parental rights have been severed.
The PSR includes several pages of Liner’s criminal history, beginning with a juvenile
adjudication in 1998 for attempted third degree assault. In adult court, she has previously been
convicted of theft by shoplifting (four times), attempted third degree assault, theft by unlawful
taking (twice), unauthorized use of a propelled vehicle, criminal mischief, third degree assault,
attempted controlled substance possession (methamphetamine), drug paraphernalia possession,
possession of marijuana less than an ounce, disturbing the peace, possession of controlled
substance with intent to distribute (methamphetamine), possession of controlled substance
(methamphetamine) (twice), and numerous traffic related offenses.
The Level of Service/Case Management Inventory placed Liner in the very high risk to
reoffend category. She scored in the maximum risk range for drugs on the Substance Abuse
Questionnaire. A recent drug evaluation recommended residential treatment followed by a halfway
house placement. The probation officer who completed the PSR outlined Liner’s poor performance
on probation in the past; she has had previous probations revoked and most recently, had
post-release supervision revoked.
During the sentencing hearing, the court listened to arguments of Liner’s counsel that she
had a substance abuse problem that was the root of most, if not all, of her criminal convictions.
The district court inquired whether Liner wished to inform it of anything that was not included in
the presentence investigation. Liner responded that she had a drug problem likely resulting from
her youth spent in foster care. She did not believe that prison would remedy her problems.
Liner acknowledges that the court was required to impose the mandatory minimum
sentence of 10 years as a result of the habitual criminal enhancement. However, she argues that
the court should have also imposed 10 years as the maximum penalty, as opposed to 14 years.
Given Liner’s extensive criminal record and history of substance abuse, we see no abuse of
discretion in her sentencing. Contrary to the State’s argument at sentencing for consecutive
sentences, the court granted Liner’s request to impose concurrent sentences.
CONCLUSION
The district court did not err in finding Liner to be a habitual criminal, and did not abuse
its discretion in sentencing Liner in these consolidated cases. The district court’s orders are
affirmed.
AFFIRMED.
Outcome: The district court did not err in finding Liner to be a habitual criminal, and did not abuseits discretion in sentencing Liner in these consolidated cases. The district court’s orders areaffirmed.
AFFIRMED.
Plaintiff's Experts:
Defendant's Experts:
Comments: