Justin Hooper v. City of Tulsa, et al.

Tulsa, Oklahoma criminal defense lawyer represented Plaintiff, who sued Defendants seeking a declaratory judgment that the City of Tulsa municipal court lacked jurisdiction over traffic citations issued by Tulsa Police Officers for violation of municipal ordinances.



Defendants moved for summary judgment claiming that the Curtis Act of 1998 created provided for municipal court jurisdiction over violations of municipal ordinances.



MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANT'S MOTION TO

DISMISS [





THIS MATTER comes before the Court upon Defendant City ofTulsa's Motion to Dismiss Plaintiff's Complaint and Brief in Support ("Motion”) (Doc. 6). Ha ving reviewed the parties' submissions and the applicable law, the Court fi nds that the Motion is well-taken and therefore GRANTS it as to Count II (declaratory judgment), which renders Count I (appeal from municipal court judgment) moot.



Plaintiff, as a member of the federally recognized Choctaw Tribe, is an Indian3 by law. On or about August 13, 2018, he received a speeding ticket from the City of Tulsa within the 1 Chief United States District Judge William P. Johnson of the District of New Mexico was assigned this case as a result of the Tenth Circuit Order designating Judge Johnson to hear and preside over cases in the

Northern District of Oklahoma.



2 Unless the Court notes otherwise, these facts are derived from the Complaint and are to be taken as true for the purposes of ruling on a motion to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). See Bell

Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007).



3 The Court recognizes that some individuals find the term "Indian” to be antiquated or offensive to indigenous communities. The term holds legal significance as it refers specifically to members of federally recognized indigenous tribes and was the language Congress used when enacting statutes relevant to this matter. Therefore, other terms such as "First Nations,” "indigenous,” or "Native boundaries of the Creek Reservation. On orabout August 28, 2018, he was found guilty by Tulsa's municipal criminal court and was ordered to pay a $150 fine, which was paid.



Years later, on or about December 17, 2020, Plaintiff filed an application for postconviction relief in the Municipa l Criminal Court of the City of Tulsa. After arguments, the court found that it had jurisdiction pursuant to the Curtis Act, 30 Stat. 495 ( 1898), and denied postconviction relief. The Municipa l Criminal Court found that th e appropriate co urt to which Plaintiff (there Defendant) coul d appeal his municipal conviction would be the U.S. Federal



District Court. Doc. 1-1 at 12. A ccordingly, Plaintiff appeals that decision here as Count I. For

Count II, Plaintiff seeks a declaratory judgment that municipalities, such as the City of Tulsa, do not have subject matter jurisdiction over "I ndians” within the boundaries of a reservation.



Plaintiff's case therefore contains both a criminal appeal (Count I) and a civil request for declaratory judgment (Count II), an unusual procedural posture. De fendant moves to dismiss the case in its entirety pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6). Doc. 6.



DISCUSSION



I. Procedural Posture



Given the uncommon form this case takes, the Court begins with a logistical question: can it rule on a civil motion to di smiss when Count I is an ap peal from Tulsa's municipal criminal court?



The parties agree that Count II, as a civil request for declaratory judgment, is appropriately subject to a motion to di smiss under Rule 12(b)(6). See Doc. 22 at 7 ("[A] ruling on the City's Motion to Dismiss is proper as to the declaratory judgment aspect of the case.”); Doc. 23 at 19–20

("[I]f the issue of subject matter jurisdiction is taken as a legal issue, the declaratory judgment



American” do not convey the precise legal meaning that "Indian” does. The Court uses the term "Indian”

for clarity.



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could be addressed, but not the appeal from the de nial of post-conviction relief.”). Further, the

parties agree that the Co unt II declaratory judgment issue mi ght render the Count I appeal moot.

See Doc. 22 at 7 ("Depending on how this Court rules on the declaratory judgment action, such a

ruling could serve to render any further proceedings on the appeal moot.”); Doc. 23 at 19 ("[T]he

Court's resolution of the Curtis Act issue and the potential retroactive application of the McGirt

decision will be dispositive of the post-conviction relief since the sole basis for post-conviction

relief is that the City is lacking jurisdiction to prosecute him.”).



Therefore, mindful of the possibility of overstepping with a different approach, the Court

first addresses the declaratory j udgment issue in Count II to determine whet her reaching Count I

is necessary.



II. Count II: Declaratory Judgment



Declaratory judgment is appropriate where "the facts alleged, under all the circumstances,

show that there is a substantial controversy, be tween parties having adverse legal interests, of

sufficient immediacy and reality to warrant the issuance of a declaratory judgment.” Surefoot LC

v. Sure Foot Corp., 531 F.3d 1236, 1244 (10th Cir. 2008) (citation omitted). Here, Plaintiff seeks

declaratory judgment that the Curtis Act does not confer upon municipa lities jurisdiction over

crimes committed by Indians within the boundaries of a reservation. Plaintiff asserts that because

of this lack of subject matter jurisdiction, any such judgment would be void. Doc. 1 at 5–6. This

decision could resolve the dispute regarding Defendant's subject ma tter jurisdiction over

Plaintiff's traffic ticket. Doc. 23 at 19. Accordingly, there is a substantial, real, and immediate

controversy between the adverse parties here, and declaratory judgment is an appropriate avenue

to consider.4



4 The parties also dispute the mechanism by which this Court has subject matter jurisdiction to resolve

this dispute, although they agree that jurisdiction is proper. See Doc. 6 at 3; Doc. 12 at 4. Because the

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Defendant moves to dismiss Plaintiff's request for declaratoryjudgment because, it argues,

Plaintiff's legal theory is incorrect. Doc. 6 at 1. Defendant maintains that the Curtis Act remains

good law and grants the City of Tulsa municipal authority over everyone within city limits, whether

or not that land is part of a reservation. Id. at 11. The Court first outlines the relevant provisions

of the Curtis Act, then examines the parties' arguments.



A. Relevant Provisions of the Curtis Act



The Curtis Act, 30 Stat. 495, became federa l law in 1898. It cont ained many sections

dealing with different issues, largely for the shameful purpose of weakening tribal sovereignty by

abolishing tribal courts, id. § 28, and enacting an allotment po licy that parcel ed out land to

individual tribal members, id. § 11. The section of the law at issue in this case, however, is Section

Fourteen.



The relevant portions of Secti on Fourteen deal with Indian Territory state and municipal

law and ordinances. On a state law level, this provision copied over Arkansas law to part of what

would be Oklahoma, which was not yet a stat e and was referred to as Indian Territory. See id. §

14. Federal district courts had theauthority to punish violations ofArkansas state law within Indian

Territory because, since the land was not yet a st ate, there was not a state court to do so. See id.

On a municipal law level, this provision allowed for incorporation of cities and towns with two

hundred or more residents. Id. It stated that incorporation would take place "as provided in chapter

twenty-nine of Mansfield's Digest of the Statutes of Arkansas” 5 and that once incorporated, the

city or town government "shall possess all the powers and exercise all the rights of similar

Curtis Act is a federal statute, a dispute about its extent or validity is a federal question. See 28 U.S.C. §

1331.



5 Mansfield's Digest of the Statutes of Arkansas, or Mansfield's Digest, is a publication from 1884 which

compiled the statutes of Arkansas. It can be read online at

https://llmc.com/docDisplay5.aspx?set=99989&volume=1884&part=001.

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municipalities in said State of Arkansas.” Id. Additionally, Section Fourteen granted city or town

councils the authority to pass ordinances and gave the mayors of such towns "the same jurisdiction

in all civil and criminal cases arising within the corporate limits of such cities and towns as, and

coextensive with, United States Commis sioners in the Indian Territory[.]” Id. And most

importantly, the law provided that "all inhabitants ofsuch cities and towns, without regard to race,

shall be subject to all laws and ordinances of such city or town governments, and shall have equal

rights, privileges, and protections therein.” Id.



Plaintiff makes a variety of arguments about how to interpret this language. First, he asserts

that Section Fourteen grants only legislativ e and executive powers to municipalities while

reserving judicial powers to the federal district court. Doc. 12 at 4–5.6 He goes so far as to contend

that the Curtis Act does not permit municipalities to create municipal courts. Id. at 6. This stance

is patently incorrect; th e same section of the Curtis Act re cognizes mayoral civil and criminal

jurisdiction "coextensive with[] United States Commissioners in the Indian Territory.” Curtis Act

§ 14. The Curtis Act therefore explicitly recognizes mayoral courts. Id. Additionally, the language

of Section Fourteen governs incorporation based on the provisions of Mansfield's Digest, chapter

twenty-nine. Section 765 of this chapter provides:



By-laws and ordinances of municipal corporations may be enforced by the

imposition of fines, forfeitures, and pe nalties, on any person offending against or

violating such by-laws or ordinances, or any of them; and the fine, penalty, or

forfeiture, may be prescribed in each particular by-law or ordinance, or by a general

by-law or ordinance made for that purpose; and municipal corporations shall have

power to provide in like manner for the prosecution, recovery andcollection of such

fines, penalties and forfeitures.



6 Plaintiff cites to two cases describing how the Act of April 28, 1904 stripped tribal courts of jurisdiction

and vested that jurisdiction in the United States courts of the Indian Territory. Doc. 12 at 5. These cases

do not stand for the proposition that federal courts had sole jurisdiction over all matters, including

municipal matters, in the Territory. They refer only to the divestment of tribal judicial authority. See

Colbert v. Fulton, 157 P. 1151, 1152 (Okla. 1916); In re Poff's Guardianship, 103 S.W. 765, 766 (Ct.

App. Indian Terr. 1907).



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Mansfield's Digest, ch. 29, § 765 (1884). Additionally, the same chapter grants jurisdiction

to "police courts” reminiscent of the municipal court at issue in this case: "The police judge shall

provide over the police court, and perform the duties of judge thereof, and shall have jurisdiction

over all cases of misdemeanor arising under this act, and all ordinances passed by the city council

in pursuance thereof.” Id. § 812. These sections together make it quite clear that the Curtis Act,

which incorporates the provisions of Mansfield's Digest by reference, explicitly authorizes the

jurisdiction of a variety of municipal courts and court functions.



Plaintiff shifts to a more t echnical approach on this point in his supplemental brief,

claiming that municipal judges—not mayors—exercise municipal ju risdiction today. Doc. 23 at

16–17. It is true that mayoral courts did not surv ive Indian Territory's conversion to statehood as

Oklahoma. Hillis v. Addle, 128 P. 702, 702 (Okla. 1912). Therefore, the mayoral courts to which

the Curtis Act refers are no longer in existence. However, as described above, the provisions of

Mansfield's Digest incorporated by reference into the Curtis Act expressly authorize other forms

of municipal jurisdiction, including the jurisd iction to enforce muni cipal ordinances and

misdemeanors.



Plaintiff also argues that the language "all inha bitants of such cities and towns, without

regard to race, shall be subject to all laws and ordinances of such city or town governments” fails

to consider the difference between race (indigenous heritage) and the political status of being an

Indian (membership in a federally recognized trib e). Doc. 23 at 18. This argument loses sight of

the forest for the trees. The statutory language plainly coversall inhabitants. It clarifies, during an

era of history in which "all” often made racial exclusions,7 that this statement covered individuals

of all racial backgrounds. But th is clarification supplements "all, ” not restricts it. Plaintiff's



7 See, famously, the Declaration of Independence's "all men are created equal” penned while slavery

remained legal.

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argument could just as easily be used to say th at "without regard to ra ce” does not cover other

interpersonal differences, such as sex, and therefore that "all” did not in clude women, whom the

Curtis Act had already separated from the rest of the political citizenry by forbidding them to vote.

Curtis Act § 14. Even if "without regard to race” does not cover the political difference of whether

a person is legally an Indian, ora woman, or a member of any other group treated differently under

the law based on a trait other than race, that does not diminish the coverage of the phrase "all

inhabitants.” The plain meaning of this phrase is to cover everyone inhabiting the city or town.

Oklahoma's statehood did not put an end to mu nicipalities' powers under the Curtis Act.

The Oklahoma Constitution provided that "[e]very municipal corporation now existing within this

State shall continue with all of its present rights and powers until otherwise provided by law, and

shall always have the additional rights and powers conferred by the Constitution.” Okla. Const.

Art. 18 § 2. In fact, the Oklahoma Constitution explicitly permitted the operation of municipal

courts. Article 7, § 1 stated,8



The judicial power of this state shall be ve sted in the Senate, sitting as a court of

impeachment, a Supreme Court, district courts, county courts, courts of justices of

the peace, municipal courts, and such other courts, commissions or boards, inferior

to the Supreme Court, as may be established by law.



Ex parte Bochmann , 201 P. 537, 539 (Okla. Ct. Crim. A pp. 1921). Therefore, statehood did not

terminate the continued power of municipalities to operate municipal courts.

Plaintiff also argues that the Curtis Act has been repealed by Muscogee (Creek) Nation v.

Hodel, 851 F.2d 1439 (D.C. Cir. 1988). This case did not involve Section Fourteen of the Curtis

Act; it addressed Section Twenty-Eight of the Curtis Act, which pertained to the abolition of tribal

courts. Hodel, 851 F.2d at 1440, 1442–43. Accordingly, Hodel did not repeal Section Fourteen.



B. State and Municipal Authority



8 This provision has since been amended.

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Pursuant to the Major Crimes Act ("MCA”), 18 U.S.C. § 1153, state courts do not have

jurisdiction over major crimes committed by Indians in "Indian country,” which includes

reservation lands. Federal courts have exclusive juri sdiction over these crimes, which include

offenses such as murder, arson, and assault.Id. Plaintiff argues that a regulatory scheme that would

grant the City of Tulsa, but not the state of Oklahoma, criminal authority over an Indian defendant

does not make sense because municipa lities are political subdivisions of the state. Doc. 12 at 6.

Defendant counters, correctly, that "a municipality may be granted powers by the federal

government different than those granted to the state.” Doc. 13 at 6 (emphasis removed).



Defendant cites City of Tacoma v. Taxpayers of Tacoma, 357 U.S. 320 (1958). In this case,

the City of Tacoma sought to build a power project on a river that ran through it. It received a

federal license to do so. The State of Washington opposed the project and the license because it

would destroy one of the state's fishing hatche ries. Although Tacoma was a political subdivision

of Washington, the federal governm ent has authority over navigabl e waters and it used that

authority to issue a license to Tacoma—so, the Supreme Court held, Tacoma could use the license

and build the project even though the state opposed it. Id. at 339.



The circumstances here are analogous. Congres s has plenary power ove r Indian affairs,

South Dakota v. Yankton Sioux Tribe , 522 U.S. 329, 343 (1998), just like it does over navigable

waters. Although this case does not involve a license, the same principle applies—Congress

affirmatively granted authority to a municipality that it did not give to the state. Even if the

mechanism by which the city receives power is diffe rent (a license vs. a statutory act), the basic

holding that cities can hold power s separate from and contradictory to the wishes of the state is

sufficient.



C. McGirt and the Curtis Act



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When the United States Supreme Court ruled on McGirt v. Oklahoma, 591 U.S. ___, 140

S. Ct. 2452 (2020), the decision had a tremen dous impact on the state of Oklahoma. McGirt

examined whether the Creek reservation covering much of the eastern half of Oklahoma had been

disestablished: taken out of political existence by an act of Congress. Id. at 1, 7. It found that the

reservation was still intact, and thus, the area in which the petitioner had committed his crime was,

and is, "Indian country” under the MCA. See id. at 27–29. Accordingly, the State of Oklahoma

had no jurisdiction over the petitioner because the federal government had exclusive jurisdiction

over his major crime. See id. at 36.



Plaintiff contends that because ofMcGirt's holding, "the state of Oklahoma and its political

sub-divisions are without subject matter jurisdiction to try criminal cases against defendants that

are classified as 'Indian' under federal law” and that because of this, the municipal court lacked

subject matter jurisdiction over his conviction. Doc. 12 at 1–2. This characterization of McGirt's

holding is incorrect. McGirt makes no mention of municipal jurisdiction and only briefly mentions

the Curtis Act in the dissent. 140 S. Ct. at 2490 (R oberts, C.J., dissenting). This mention is made

in the context of Congress "laying the foundation for the state governance that was to come,” i.e.,

that the Curtis Act was an indicat ion of Congress's intent to dise stablish the reservation in the

future. Id. at 2491. McGirt says nothing about repealing or overriding the Cu rtis Act, and it does

not deal with municipal law at all. Its holding is that the Creek reservation is still intact, which has

implications for felony crimes within the scope of the MCA.



In contrast, Congress passed the Curtis Act to, among other things, give municipalities

jurisdiction over local ordinance vi olations—a classification of crimes entirely distinct from the

MCA's litany of serious offenses.See 18 U.S.C. § 1153 (MCA). Plenty of other criminal violations

also do not trigger the MCA's jurisd iction; for example, it is not fe deral courts but tribal courts

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that have jurisdiction over misdemeanors that Indians commit within reservation boundaries. See

United States v. Lara , 541 U.S. 193, 199 (2004). It is not contradictor y that Congress granted

federal jurisdiction over major crimes through the MCA and municipal jurisdiction over violations

of local ordinances th rough the Curtis Act. McGirt's implications for the former do not

demonstrate an effect on the latter.

D. Conclusion



Plaintiff requested declaratory judgment “finding that the Curtis Act confers no jurisdiction

to municipalities locatedwithin the boundaries of a reservation and any judgment rendered by such

municipalities against an Indian would have been made without subject matter jurisdiction and is

therefore void.” Doc. 1-1 at 5–6. Defendant move s to dismiss this request. Doc. 6. The Court

GRANTS the motion to dismiss this request for de claratory judgment and finds for the above

reasons that the Curtis Act grants the municipalities in its scope jurisdiction over violations of

municipal ordinances by any inhabitant of those municipalities, including Indians.

Accordingly, Plaintiff’s appeal of the de cision denying postconvi ction relief for his

speeding ticket fine (Count I of the Complaint) is MOOT.



IT IS SO ORDERED.



WILLIAM P JOHNSON

UNITED STATES DISTRICT