WILLIE J. HERRON JR. vs. STATE OF IOWA

The facts of the crimes were sufficiently detailed in our opinion on

Herron’s direct appeal, and they do not need to be repeated here. See id. at *1–

2. Following our decision in 2011, Herron filed an application for postconviction

relief. Amended applications were filed in 2013, and the matter proceeded to a

hearing in March 2014. Both Herron and his trial counsel testified. The district

court issued its decision in July 2014, denying Herron’s application and

concluding trial counsel was not ineffective and Herron could not establish

3

prejudice. Specifically, the district court found the hot-pursuit exception to the

warrant requirement justified the officers’ warrantless entry into the home where

Herron was staying, and even if counsel should have filed a motion to suppress

as a result of the warrantless search, Herron failed to prove there was a

reasonable probability the result of his trial would have been different. The court

also concluded trial counsel had a made a reasonable strategic decision not to

object to certain evidence of drugs admitted at trial. Finally, the court concluded

the erroneous jury instruction did not prejudice Herron because the jury was

instructed to find Herron guilty based on his own specific acts, not based on the

acts of another person through a joint criminal conduct theory.

Herron appeals.

II. Scope and Standard of Review.

We generally review PCR applications for correction of errors at law.

More v. State, 880 N.W.2d 487, 498 (Iowa 2016). However, when constitutional

claims are raised in the application, such as claims of ineffective assistance of

counsel, our review is de novo. Nguyen v. State, 878 N.W.2d 744, 750 (Iowa

2016).

III. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel.

To prove his claim that his prior counsel rendered ineffective assistance,

Herron must prove (1) counsel breached an essential duty and (2) he was

prejudiced as a result of that breach. See id. at 752. Both prongs must be

proved by a preponderance of the evidence. Id. We measure counsel’s

performance against “the standard of a reasonably competent practitioner” and

objectively assess counsel’s performance “by determining whether [it] was

4

reasonable, under prevailing professional norms, considering all the

circumstances.” Id. (alteration in original) (citation omitted). We presume

counsel acted competently, and Herron must overcome that presumption. See

id. As to the prejudice prong, Herron must prove “a reasonable probability that,

but for the counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would

have been different.” See Dempsey v. State, 860 N.W.2d 860, 868 (Iowa 2015)

(citation omitted). The probability of a different result is sufficient if it undermines

our confidence in the outcome. Id. at 869. We “consider the totality of the

evidence, what factual findings would have been affected by counsel’s errors,

and whether the effect was pervasive or isolated and trivial.” Id. (citation

omitted).

A. Motion to Suppress. Herron’s first claim is that trial counsel was

ineffective in failing to file a motion to suppress to challenge the officers’

warrantless search of the residence he was in and his seizure by police. He

claims the search and seizure cannot be justified by an exception to the warrant

requirement and, as a result, counsel should have filed a motion to suppress the

evidence of the on-scene identification by the victims of the burglaries.

A police officer attempted to pull over a vehicle that was being operated

without its headlights after dark. Herron, 2011 WL 662412, at *1. The officer had

been dispatched to the location because of a report of a robbery or burglary in

the area. Id. The vehicle sped away from the officer, and three individuals

eventually ran from the still-moving vehicle into a residence. Id. at *1–2. The

vehicle, still in motion, collided with parked cars before the officer saw a fourth

individual get out of the car and run away. Id. at *1. The officer approached the

5

house the three individuals entered and observed them run upstairs. Id. at *2.

The officer had the lights of his vehicle activated and was verbally instructing the

individuals to stop before they entered the home. The officer waited a few

minutes for backup to arrive on scene and then entered the residence where

Herron and two other individuals were found and taken into custody. Id. Herron

was lying in bed, apparently asleep; though the officer testified Herron was

sweating and breathing hard. Id. Other officers then asked the victims of the

burglaries to accompany them to the scene of Herron’s detention. The victims

identified Herron as being one of the perpetrators involved in the burglary, but

they did not identify the other two individuals detained by police who were seen

running into the house with Herron. Id.

The Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution and article 1,

section 8 of the Iowa Constitution protect the right of people to be free from

unreasonable searches and seizures. Searches and seizures without a warrant

are per se unreasonable unless an exception to the warrant requirement applies.

State v. Lewis, 675 N.W.2d 516, 522 (Iowa 2004). The recognized exceptions

include: “searches based on consent, plain view, probable cause coupled with

exigent circumstances, searches incident to arrest, and those based on the

emergency aid exception.” Id.

The State contends in this case that the officers’ search of the home and

seizure of Herron was valid without a warrant based on the probable-cause

exigent-circumstances exception. The State asserts the pursuing officer had

probable cause to arrest the occupants of the vehicle he observed driving without

its headlights. The vehicle failed to stop when the officer activated his vehicle’s

6

lights and siren, and the occupants, who jumped and fled from the still-moving

vehicle, failed to comply with the officer’s verbal instructions to stop. The State

asserts the exigent circumstances existed in light of the officer’s “hot pursuit” of

the suspects. “Hot pursuit describes the situation when the police are pursuing a

suspect who is in the process of fleeing from a recently committed crime.” State

v. Naujoks, 637 N.W.2d 101, 109 (Iowa 2001). “Society has an interest in not

rewarding the evasion of lawful police authority by allowing suspects who make it

to their homes steps ahead of law enforcement officers to claim sanctuary.”

State v. Legg, 633 N.W.2d 763, 772 (Iowa 2001).

Herron claims the officer did not have probable cause to detain him

because the only crimes the officer witnessed were connected to the vehicle—

failure to have headlights on at night and failure to stop once the officer

attempted to pull over the vehicle. He claims there was no evidence he was the

driver of the vehicle and asserts it was likely he was not the driver as evidenced

by the fact the vehicle continued to move forward once he left the vehicle.

However, the officer continued to instruct those who left the vehicle to stop, and

instead, the individuals, including Herron, continued to run from the vehicle and

entered the home. The officer identified himself and had the lawful duty to stop

the fleeing suspects. We agree with the district court that the officer had

probable cause to arrest the occupants of the vehicle for interference with official

acts. See Iowa Code § 719.1 (2011) (defining the crime of interference with

official acts as occurring “when the person knowingly resists or obstructs anyone

known by the person to be a peace officer . . . in the performance of any act

which is within the scope of the lawful duty or authority of that officer”). We

7

likewise agree exigent circumstances existed in light of the officer’s hot pursuit of

the suspects into the home; Herron should not be able to thwart arrest by

seeking sanctuary in his home ahead of a pursuing officer. The officer’s brief

pause in the pursuit to wait for backup to arrive did not interrupt or discontinue

the pursuit. We thus conclude counsel was not ineffective when counsel did not

file a motion to suppress the evidence of the search and seizure of Herron and

the subsequent on-scene identification. See State v. Brubaker, 805 N.W.2d 164,

171 (Iowa 2011) (“We will not find counsel incompetent for failing to pursue a

meritless issue.”).

In addition, we find Herron failed to establish prejudice. See State v.

McCoy, 692 N.W.2d 6, 27 (Iowa 2005) (noting to establish prejudice a defendant

must prove “a reasonable probability that but for trial counsel’s failure to file the

motion to suppress, the result of the trial would have been different”). The

victims in this case were also able to make in-court identifications of the

defendant. Herron, 2011 WL 662412, at *4. Any testimony regarding the on

scene identification of Herron as one of the perpetrators of the burglaries was

merely cumulative. See State v. Pearson, No. 09-1798, 2010 WL 5050575, at *7

(Iowa Ct. App. Dec. 8, 2010) (“Generally, a defendant is not prejudiced by the

admission of evidence that, as in this case, is cumulative to other properly

admitted evidence.”).

B. Drug Testimony. Next, Herron asserts counsel was ineffective in

failing to move in limine or object whenever the topic of drugs was introduced

during trial. The pursuing officer asserted he observed something, which was

later identified as a narcotic, being thrown from the car during the chase; though

8

the officer admitted Herron had not been charged with any drug-related crime

arising from this incident. One victim testified Herron kept asking where the

“drugs” were when he broke into her home. Finally, Herron’s alibi witness was

questioned about his prior criminal history that included being arrested for

possession of narcotics, and he admitted he had a big drug problem and was

“high” on the night in question.

Herron claims this evidence was irrelevant and served no legitimate

purpose other than to show his propensity to commit wrongful acts. See Iowa

Rs. Evid. 5.402, 5.404. At the PCR hearing, Herron’s trial counsel asserted it

was his trial strategy to generally deny that it was Herron who committed the

burglaries, asserting a misidentification by the victims. Thus, any evidence drugs

were thrown from the vehicle or that the perpetrator demanded drugs from the

victim did not adversely affect his client, who denied any involvement. As the

PCR court noted, there was no evidence the State used the drug evidence to

prove Herron’s bad character or that he acted in conformity with that character.

The PCR court concluded counsel met the standard of a reasonably competent

attorney when he chose not to challenge this evidence as part of his trial

strategy. We agree. In addition, the evidence of drug use by Herron’s alibi

witness on the night in question was relevant to contest his memory of whether

Herron was with him during the time of the burglaries. We thus conclude Herron

failed to prove counsel provided ineffective assistance when counsel failed to

object to the references to drugs during trial.

C. Jury Instruction. Herron also claims counsel was ineffective in not

objecting to the admission of a legally incorrect jury instruction defining joint

9

criminal conduct. Herron contends, and the State concedes, the instruction on

joint criminal conduct given to the jury contained an incomplete statement of the

definition of joint criminal conduct. See State v. Smith, 739 N.W.2d 289, 294

(Iowa 2007) (listing the elements of joint criminal conduct). However, the State

asserts, and the PCR court agreed, that Herron suffered no prejudice as a result

of the submission of this instruction because the jury was never asked in the

marshalling instructions to find Herron guilty based on the acts of another person.

In addition, no party argued to the jury or even referenced that Herron could be

found guilty based on the acts of another. Instead, the jury was instructed that to

find Herron guilty it must do so based on Herron’s acts alone. Thus, we agree

with the PCR court that Herron cannot prove counsel failed to perform an

essential duty when counsel did not object to this instruction because the jury

was never given an opportunity to find Herron guilty “based on anything other

than his own conduct as a principal.” See State v. Jackson, 587 N.W.2d 764,

766 (Iowa 1998).

IV. Pro Se Issues.

Herron also raises claims in his pro se brief arguing his PCR counsel was

ineffective and his sentence is illegal.

A. Ineffective Assistance of PCR Counsel. While not the model of

clarity, it appears Herron is asserting his PCR counsel was ineffective in not

arguing trial and appellate counsel’s ineffectiveness. Specifically, he claims trial

and appellate counsel failed to challenge the sufficiency of the evidence to

support his conviction, failed to challenge the unreliability of eyewitness

testimony, failed to help him present evidence to establish his innocence, and

10

failed to request evidence to prove the “bogus and illegal identification practices

of the police.”

We note the prior appeal made it clear that counsel at trial and on appeal

challenged both the sufficiency of the evidence and the reliability and validity of

the identification procedures used by police in this case. See Herron, 2011 WL

662412, at *4–7. It is unclear from Herron’s brief what more he claims counsel

should have done on these issues. We therefore reject those claims. It is also

unclear what more trial or appellate counsel should have done to help Herron

present evidence to establish his innocence. We conclude Herron has failed to

prove PCR counsel was ineffective in not challenging the effectiveness of trial

and appellate counsel on these grounds.

B. Illegal Sentence. Finally, Herron claims his sentence is illegal

because he believes his convictions and sentences for first-degree robbery and

first-degree burglary should have merged. We apply the legal-elements test

when determining whether one crime is a lesser included offense of another.

See State v. Mulvany, 600 N.W.2d 291, 293 (Iowa 1999).

On the charge of first-degree robbery, the jury was instructed it had to find:

1. On or about the 18th day of May, 2009, the defendant had the specific intent to commit a theft. 2. To carry out his intention or to assist him in escaping from the scene, with or without stolen property, the defendant: a. Committed an assault on [one or more victims] and/or b. Threatened [one or more victims] with, or purposely put [one or more victims] in fear of immediate serious injury. 3. The defendant: a. Purposely inflicted or attempted to inflict a serious injury on [one or more victims] and/or b. Was armed with a dangerous weapon.

11



On the charge of first-degree burglary, the jury was instructed it had to find:

1. On or about the 18th day of May, 2009, the defendant entered the residence belonging to [the victim]. 2. The residence belonging to [the victim] was an occupied structure . . . . 3. [The victim] was present in the occupied structure. 4. The defendant did not have permission or authority to enter the residence belonging to [the victim]. 5. The defendant did so with the specific intent to commit an assault or theft therein. 6. During the incident the defendant possessed a dangerous weapon.



A review of these elements shows that first-degree robbery does not

merge into first-degree burglary because the robbery count required an element

that is not present in the burglary count. For robbery, the jury had to find Herron

“committed an assault on [one or more victims] and/or threatened [one or more

victims] with, or purposely put [one or more victims] in fear of immediate serious

injury.” There was no element in burglary that required the defendant to commit

an assault or threaten or place the victims in fear of serious injury. See Blodgett

v. State, No. 05-2137, 2007 WL 1201755, at *3 (Iowa Ct. App. Apr. 25, 2007)

(concluding the crime of first-degree robbery does not merge into the crime of

first-degree burglary); State v. Reames, No. 05-1084, 2006 WL 2873320, at *2

(Iowa Ct. App. Oct. 11, 2006) (same). Because we conclude the two offenses do

not merge, we reject Herron’s claim that his sentence is illegal.1

Iowa Department Of Criminal Justice Information System