Date: 12-10-2016

Case Style:

Case Number: KA-16-0397

Judge: Marc T. Amy, Elizabeth A. Pickett, and James T. Genovese

Court: STATE OF LOUISIANA COURT OF APPEAL, THIRD CIRCUIT

Plaintiff's Attorney:

James P. Lemoine
District Attorney
James D. White, Jr.
Assistant District Attorney

Defendant's Attorney:

Paula C. Marx
Louisiana Appellate Project

Description: According to the record, around midnight on August 6, 2015, Officer
Normand Walker, Jr., then a deputy for the Grant Parish Sheriff‟s Office, was on
patrol when he noticed that one of the taillights and the license plate light were out
on a green Chevrolet Z-71 truck travelling on Dyson Creek Road.1 Officer Walker
testified that he initiated a traffic stop with the driver of the truck, James J.
Flournoy, while simultaneously requesting backup from Corporal William
McClung, a K-9 officer with the Grant Parish Sheriff‟s Office, due to the late hour
of the stop. The record indicates that Corporal McClung arrived at the scene less
than two minutes after the initiation of the stop.
Officer Walker testified that after making contact with the defendant, he
requested dispatch to check for outstanding warrants against the defendant in the
local and surrounding parishes. While waiting for the results of the warrant check,
1 At the time of his testimony at the hearing on the motion to suppress, Officer Walker
was employed by the Pollock Police Department.
2
Officer Walker allegedly informed the defendant of the reason for the stop and, per
the defendant‟s request, showed him the broken lights. Dispatch subsequently
informed Officer Walker that the defendant had no outstanding warrants. Officer
Walker further testified that Corporal McClung arrived at the scene before he
began to write a citation to the defendant. Corporal McClung explained that upon
arriving at the scene, he saw the defendant‟s name on his driver‟s license and
recalled that, prior to the night of the stop, narcotics detectives with the Grant
Parish Sheriff‟s Office advised him of having acquired “intel” that the defendant
was possibly trafficking methamphetamine in a green Chevrolet pickup truck in the
Dyson Creek area.
Officer Walker stated that while speaking with the defendant, he noticed that
the defendant appeared “real jiggery [sic] and nervous,” that the defendant “would
not make eye contact” with him, and that the defendant was “sweating
profusely[,]” such that sweat was “pouring off of his mouth, head[,] and face, [and]
his shirt was soaking wet.” Corporal McClung also stated that the defendant‟s
“shirt was wet, visibly wet. He did have perspiration on his forehead and around
his cheek area.” When asked on direct examination if the defendant was exhibiting
signs “typical or consistent” with what he had seen in the past of “persons who
were under the influence of . . . narcotics,” Office Walker responded, “Yes, sir,
definitely.” Officer Walker‟s testimony indicates that he then asked the defendant
“if he had anything illegal in the truck . . . as far as any kind of drugs or weapons”
and that the defendant replied that he did not. Officer Walker then asked the
defendant for his consent to search the vehicle, which the defendant refused.
Officer Walker further testified that the defendant “kept wanting to put his
hands in his pockets” and that he “told him on two (2) or three (3) occasions to
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take his hands out of his pocket.” Corporal McClung described the same behavior,
explaining that after he arrived on the scene, he also asked the defendant to remove
his hands from his pockets and told him to keep them out. Shortly thereafter,
according to the officers, the defendant again placed his hands back into his
pockets, at which time Officer Walker placed the defendant in handcuffs, advised
him of his Miranda rights, and informed him “he was just being detained at that
time and not arrested.” Officer Walker testified that “based on his actions,” he
placed the defendant in handcuffs for “[o]fficer safety.” Corporal McClung
explained that the defendant was detained for “his lack of . . . following verbal
commands” and “putting his hands in his pockets.”
Corporal McClung testified that after the defendant was placed in handcuffs,
he deployed his dog, which gave a positive alert to the passenger‟s side of the
defendant‟s vehicle. Officer Walker then searched the defendant‟s vehicle, finding
four plastic baggies containing methamphetamine, two loaded .45 caliber
handguns, two unused glass pipes, three used glass pipes, digital scales, unused
baggies, a blue straw with white residue inside of it, and a few cotton swabs with
white residue on them.
On November 19, 2015, the State filed a bill of information charging the
defendant with one count of possession with intent to distribute a Schedule II
controlled dangerous substance (methamphetamine), in violation of La.R.S.
40:967(A)(1), and one count of illegal carrying of weapons while in possession of
a controlled dangerous substance, in violation of La.R.S. 14:95(E). The defendant
filed a Motion to Suppress Evidence on February 18, 2016, arguing that the search
of the defendant‟s vehicle was “not based on any probable cause . . . nor [was] it
based on any exceptions to the warrant requirements . . . and [was] therefore an
4
unreasonable and invalid search.” A hearing on the motion was held the following
day, at which the two officers testified. The trial court denied the motion at the
conclusion of the hearing, finding no “violation that would warrant a suppression.”
On February 22, 2016, the defendant entered a Crosby plea to the possession
with intent to distribute charge, reserving his right to appeal the trial court‟s denial
of the motion to suppress. See Crosby, 338 So.2d 584. The weapons charge was
dismissed pursuant to the defendant‟s guilty plea. The defendant received a
sentence of ten years at hard labor to run concurrently with a ten-year sentence he
received by pleading guilty to a charge of possession of a firearm by a convicted
felon, in violation of La.R.S. 14:95.1, from trial court docket number 16-180.2
The defendant appeals, assigning as error that:
I. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN DENYING THE MOTION TO
SUPPRESS.
Discussion
Errors Patent
In accordance with La.Code Crim.P. art. 920, all appeals are reviewed for
errors patent on the face of the record. On review, we find no errors patent.
Denial of Motion to Suppress
In his sole assignment of error, the defendant challenges the denial of his
motion to suppress. The defendant contends that “Officer Walker improperly
elevated the investigatory stop in this case to an arrest by putting [the defendant] in
handcuffs, having him lean against the patrol car, and advising him of his Miranda
rights.” The defendant argues both that “the warrantless search occurred after an
invalid arrest, prior to deployment of a drug sniffing dog[,]” and that “[t]here were
2 In its brief, defense counsel notes that the conviction and sentence for the defendant‟s
felon in possession of a firearm charge “are not subject of this appeal [sic].”
5
no exigent circumstances requiring the warrantless search once [the defendant] was
out of the truck in handcuffs.” Thus, the contraband seized from his truck “should
have been suppressed as „fruit of the poisonous tree.‟ Wong Sun v. United States,
371 U.S. 471 (1963).”
A trial court‟s ruling on a motion to suppress “must be afforded great weight
and will not be set aside unless there is an abuse of discretion.” State v. Thompson,
11-915, pp. 13-14 (La. 5/8/12), 93 So.3d 553, 563. In Thompson, the supreme
court explained this standard of review as follows:
The analysis may be further broken down into the component
parts of the trial court decision. “When a trial court makes findings of
fact based on the weight of the testimony and the credibility of the
witnesses, a reviewing court owes those findings great deference, and
may not overturn those findings unless there is no evidence to support
those findings.” [State v.] Wells, 2008-2262, p. 4 [(La.7/6/10)]; 45
So.3d [577,] 580; State v. Hunt, 2009-1589, p. 6 (La.12/1/09); 25
So.3d 746, 751. Legal findings or conclusions of the trial court are
reviewed de novo. Id.; State ex rel. Thibodeaux v. State, 2001-2510,
p. 1 (La.3/8/02); 811 So.2d 875.
Id.
Regarding its conclusion that the search was valid, the trial court stated the
following in its ruling at the hearing on the motion to suppress:
There is no testimony that indicates that this stop was delayed
beyond what was necessary to check warrants, which the officers are
entitled to do[.] . . . During that window of time, which the officer
were [sic] permitted to be doing those things, the dog detected, then
you have got probable cause.
. . . .
[W]hen the dog detected, based upon the nervousness,
sweating, there is probable cause. With the vehicle parked on the side
of the road[,] I think it falls within the exigent circumstances as
defined by the United States Supreme Court.
I will be honest, Mr. Wilson. The only problem I saw with the
stop or the only . . . thing that concerned me about the stop was
placing [the defendant] in handcuffs and reading him his rights[,] but I
6
do not know if that necessarily led to a constitutional violation that led
to the discovery of evidence. It was the dog and the search that led to
the discovery of evidence.
Upon reviewing the record and the relevant jurisprudence, we find no abuse of
discretion in the trial court‟s ruling.
We first consider whether Officer Walker had “reasonable cause to stop the
defendant‟s vehicle.” State v. Washington, 96-656, p. 7 (La.App. 3 Cir. 1/15/97),
687 So.2d 575, 579. According to La.Code Crim.P. art. 215.1(A), “[a] law
enforcement officer may stop a person in a public place whom he reasonably
suspects is committing, has committed, or is about to commit an offense and may
demand of him his name, address, and an explanation of his actions.” Moreover,
“[a]n individual cannot be stopped in his automobile by a police officer, without a
warrant, unless the officer had a reasonable suspicion that the individual has
committed, or is about to commit, a criminal offense, including the violation of a
traffic regulation.” State v. Fisher, 94-603, p. 5 (La.App. 3 Cir. 11/2/94), 649
So.2d 604, 607, writ denied, 94-2930 (La. 4/7/95), 652 So.2d 1344. Given that the
evidence is not contradicted that the defendant‟s taillight and license plate light
were broken on the night of the stop, in violation of La.R.S. 32:304(A) and La.R.S.
32:304(C), we find that the record supports the ruling that Officer Walker had
reasonable cause to make the stop.
Neither do we find indication in the record that the defendant was detained
“for a period of time longer than reasonably necessary to complete the
investigation of the violation and issuance of a citation for the violation, absent
reasonable suspicion of additional criminal activity.” La.Code Crim.P. art.
215.1(D). In Washington, 687 So.2d 575, officers performed a warrantless search
of the defendant‟s vehicle after a dog alerted to the presence of drugs in the
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vehicle. In finding that the search was valid, a panel of this court stated that “the
canine unit arrived on the scene immediately as it was acting as backup for [the
patrolling officer], and thus, there was no lengthy detention of the defendant while
waiting for a canine unit to arrive.” Id. at 580. As in Washington, the K-9 officer
in the instant case quickly arrived on the scene as backup. Notably, according to
Officer Walker‟s testimony, he had not even begun to write a citation for the
defendant‟s traffic violations prior to Corporal McClung‟s arrival. Accordingly,
the defendant was not detained for an unreasonably lengthy period of time before
the dog was deployed.
Further, while the defendant was placed in handcuffs and advised of his
Miranda rights, the circumstances of this case indicate that the detainment of the
defendant for the officer‟s safety did not constitute an arrest. In State v. Duhe, 12-
2677 (La. 12/10/13), 130 So.3d 880, officers approached a parked vehicle on
suspicion that the inhabitants were engaged in methamphetamine trafficking,
ordered the inhabitants out of the vehicle, placed the defendant in handcuffs, and
searched the vehicle, finding contraband. The first circuit initially found that the
officers “lacked probable cause to arrest [the] defendant[,]” and “[t]hus, the search
of the vehicle could not be rationalized as incident to a lawful arrest[.]” Id. at 884-
85. However, in reversing that ruling, the supreme court explained that “given the
particular association of methamphetamine production and guns,” the officer‟s
“decision to handcuff [the] defendant for the duration of the stop was justified for
officer safety and did not convert the encounter from a Terry stop to an arrest” and
that the search of the vehicle was justified as “a protective search of the vehicle.”
Id. at 886-87.
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Furthermore, in State v. Lewis, 12-902 (La.App. 5 Cir. 6/27/13), 121 So.3d
128, writ denied, 13-1926 (La. 4/17/14), 138 So.3d 618, the officers handcuffed
the defendant citing officer safety, as the stop occurred at nighttime in a “high
crime area[,]” the defendant was “dressed in a suspicious manner,” and, like the
defendant in the instant case, “he was putting his hands in his pocket.” Id. at 136.
Also similar to the instant case, the officers also “told [the] defendant that he was
not under arrest, but was being detained for questioning.” Id. Regarding whether
this constituted an arrest, the fifth circuit stated the following:
Inherent in the right of police to conduct a brief investigatory
detention is also the right to use reasonable force to effectuate the
detention. State v. Morton, 08-164, p. 7 (La.App. 5 Cir. 7/29/08), 993
So.2d 651, 657. There is no question that the use of handcuffs
incrementally increases the degree of force that is used in detaining an
individual. Morton, 08-164 at 7-8, 993 So.2d at 657. However,
arrest-like features such as the use of drawn weapons and handcuffs
may, but do not invariably, render the seizure a de facto arrest. Id.
Therefore, when the State seeks to prove that an investigatory
detention involving the use of handcuffs did not exceed the limits of a
Terry stop, the State must show some specific fact or circumstance
that could have supported a reasonable belief that the use of restraints
was necessary to carry out the legitimate purpose of the stop without
exposing law enforcement officers, the public, or the suspect himself
to an undue risk of harm. Morton, 08-164 at 8, 993 So.2d at 657.
Since police officers should not be required to take unnecessary risks
in performing their duties, they are authorized to take such steps as are
reasonably necessary to protect their safety and to maintain the status
quo during the course of a Terry stop. Id. “[A]n officer‟s handcuffing
a suspect is a reasonable method of ensuring officer safety.” State v.
Jones, 11-8, p. 11 (La.App. 5 Cir. 11/15/11), 78 So.3d 274, 282, writ
denied, 11-2781 (La.4/13/12), 85 So.3d 1246.
In the instant case, it does not appear that the officers had the
intent to impose an extended restraint on defendant‟s liberty, since
they told defendant that he was not under arrest, but was being
detained for questioning. Additionally, the stop occurred in a high
crime area at approximately 7:45 p.m. Defendant was dressed in a
suspicious manner, which included a “full face mask,” and he was
putting his hands in his pocket. Corporal Amadeo testified that he did
not know if defendant was armed, and Sergeant Roy Jacob testified at
trial that defendant was a “pretty big fellow.” At some point, the
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officers noticed the large bulge in defendant‟s front pants pocket. In
light of the circumstances, we find that the officers were justified in
handcuffing defendant as a safety precaution, and that those actions
did not rise to the level of an arrest.
Id. (footnote omitted).
Similarly, in this case, the trial court was made aware of various factors
supporting its findings as to both the reasonableness of the stop and the
reasonableness of the scope of that stop. Notably, the stop occurred at a late hour,
and, according to the officers‟ testimony, the defendant failed to keep his hands out
of his pockets as instructed. Corporal McClung had prior knowledge that the
defendant may be trafficking methamphetamine, an activity which, as discussed
above, is associated with the possession of firearms. Additionally, according to
Officer Walker‟s testimony, the defendant‟s behavior was consistent with that of
an individual under the influence of narcotics. Thus, the officers were justified in
handcuffing the defendant for their safety, such that handcuffing him did not
convert the stop into an arrest.
Additionally, we find no merit in the defendant‟s suggestion that the
officer‟s advising him of his Miranda rights elevated the stop into an arrest. In
Thompson, 93 So.3d at 570, the supreme court stated as follows:
We do not find that the nature of the investigatory stop was
turned into an arrest when [the officer] read the detained men their
constitutional rights. [The officer] testified the standard operating
procedure was to Mirandize all persons detained or arrested. We find
this procedure comports with La. Const. art. 1, § 13. In addition, we
cannot fault the officer for providing Thompson with greater
protection than he might otherwise have had in an investigatory stop.
Moreover, in another State v. Lewis, 15-773 (La.App. 4 Cir. 2/3/16), 187
So.3d 24, after the defendant placed his hands in his pockets after repeatedly being
asked not to do so, the officer handcuffed him, advised him of his Miranda rights,
10
and informed him that he was under a narcotics investigation. Relying on
Thompson, the fourth circuit held that informing the defendant of his rights did not
convert the stop into an arrest, stating the following:
Here, [the officer] testified that he handcuffed Mr. Lewis only
after he repeatedly tried to put his hand into his coin pocket, despite
the detective‟s orders not to do so, and after the detective noticed a
piece of sandwich bag sticking out of the top of that pocket. Given
these circumstances, [the officer] was justified in handcuffing Mr.
Lewis at that point. In addition, as in Thompson, [the officer‟s]
advising Mr. Lewis of his Miranda rights and that he was under
investigation for a possible drug violation did not elevate the stop to
an arrest.
Id. at 33. We find the facts in Lewis similar to those of the instant case as, in both
cases, the defendants repeatedly reached into their pockets during an investigative
stop. We note too that in this case, the officers‟ testimony indicates that the
defendant had the benefit of being informed that he was not being arrested, but
merely detained.
Accordingly, we find no merit in the contention that the officers converted
the stop into an unlawful arrest either by handcuffing the defendant or by reading
the defendant his Miranda rights. Thus, the ensuing search was not performed
incident to an unlawful arrest.
Additionally, the trial court further observed that once the dog alerted, the
officers had probable cause to search the vehicle. It is well-settled that deploying a
drug dog is not a “search” within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment, but a
positive alert from a drug-sniffing dog provides probable cause to perform a
warrantless search. See United States v. Place, 462 U.S. 696, 103 S.Ct. 2637
(1983); see also State v. Lopez, 00-562 (La. 10/30/00), 772 So.2d 90. Additionally,
“[i]f a car is readily mobile and probable cause exists to believe it contains
contraband, the Fourth Amendment thus permits police to search the vehicle
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without more.” Pennsylvania v. Labron, 518 U.S. 938, 940, 116 S.Ct. 2485, 2487
(1996). See also State v. Johnlouis, 09-235 (La.App. 3 Cir. 11/4/09), 22 So.3d
1150, writ denied, 10-97 (La. 6/25/10), 38 So.3d 336, cert. denied, 10-7291, 562
U.S. 1150, 131 S.Ct. 932 (2011) (wherein a panel of this court declined to
determine that a handcuffed defendant was under arrest, finding instead that a
warrantless search of his vehicle was permissible under the automobile exception).
Similarly, in this case, we find that the record supports the trial court‟s
decision that the search of the defendant‟s vehicle was performed pursuant to the
automobile exception to warrantless searches. The above jurisprudence indicates
that the officers had probable cause to search the vehicle after the dog alerted to the
presence of narcotics within the vehicle, and the defendant‟s vehicle was readily
mobile.

Outcome: