Date: 09-24-2015

Case Style: Fink v. State of Arkansas

Case Number: CR-14-992

Judge: Associate Justice Rhonda K. Wood

Court: SUPREME COURT OF ARKANSAS

Plaintiff's Attorney: Gina H. Reynolds

Defendant's Attorney: Leslie Rutledge, Rebecca Kane

Description: On the morning of December 3, 2012, seventeen-year-old Fink told her mother that
she was leaving their home to go for a walk. During her walk, Fink encountered eighty
year-old Loyd Cole. Fink stabbed Cole thirty-six times with a knife she was carrying. Cole
died as a result of the stab wounds and his body was found face up in a ditch. Fink left a
trail of blood running from the body to the front steps of her house.
When Fink returned home, she was short of breath and had a large cut on her left
arm. Her mother examined her daughter’s cut and called her husband to come home. Fink
took a shower and asked her mother to wash her clothes. When her father arrived home,
police were outside examining the trail of blood leading to the home. He told the police
officers that the blood was his daughter’s and that she had cut herself.
The police obtained a search warrant for the Fink home. They discovered several
knives in Fink’s bedroom, including one under Fink’s pillow, and bloodstained clothes in
the washing machine. Blood samples taken from the knife and Fink’s pants matched Cole’s
DNA. The police interviewed Fink but she denied killing Cole, stating that that she did
not recall seeing him that day. She told police that she cut herself because she missed her
deceased brother and had planned to kill herself that morning.
The State filed first-degree-murder charges against Fink. At trial, Fink asserted the
defense of not guilty by reason of mental disease or defect; but, after the jurors heard the
testimony of expert witnesses on both sides, they rejected the defense and found Fink guilty
of first-degree murder. Fink was sentenced to life imprisonment. Thus, this court’s
jurisdiction is pursuant to Arkansas Supreme Court Rule 1-2(a)(2) (2014).
II. Sufficiency
Fink argues that the circuit court erred by not granting her motion for directed
verdict because the State failed to introduce substantial evidence that, given her mental
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condition, she acted with the purpose of causing death to Cole. The State disagrees. A
directed verdict is a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence. Durham v. State, 320 Ark.
689, 693, 899 S.W.2d 470, 473 (1995). In reviewing a challenge to the sufficiency of the
evidence, we determine whether the verdict is supported by substantial evidence, direct or
circumstantial. Malone v. State, 364 Ark. 256, 261, 217 S.W.3d 810, 813 (2005). Substantial
evidence is that which is of sufficient force and character that it will, with reasonable
certainty, compel a conclusion one way or the other, without resorting to speculation or
conjecture. Id. This court does not weigh the evidence presented at trial or assess the
credibility of the witnesses, as those are matters for the fact-finder. Mathis v. State, 2012
Ark. App. 285, at 4–5, 423 S.W.3d 91, 95. The trier of fact is free to believe all or part of
any witness’s testimony and may resolve questions of conflicting testimony and inconsistent
evidence. Id. On appeal from a denial of a directed verdict, this court views the evidence
in the light most favorable to the appellee, in this case, the State, and affirms if there is
substantial evidence to support the verdict. Id.
A person commits murder in the first degree if, with the purpose of causing the death
of another person, the person causes the death of another person. See Ark. Code Ann. § 5
10-102(a)(2) (Repl. 2013). A person acts purposely with respect to his or her conduct or as
a result of his conduct when it is his conscious object to engage in conduct of that nature
or to cause the result. See Ark. Code Ann. § 5-2-202(1) (Repl. 2013).
Here, Fink does not deny that she murdered Cole. Rather, she argues that she could
not have acted with the purpose of causing Fink’s death given her mental condition. There
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is sufficient evidence to support the conclusion that Fink purposely caused Cole’s death. At
the age of eighty, Cole was a vulnerable victim. Witnesses for the State testified that Cole
was stabbed approximately thirty-six times, and just two of the wounds occurred while Cole
was dying or after he died. After the murder, Fink showered, attempted to wash the clothes
she was wearing, and hid the knife. When asked by police the location of the knife she was
carrying earlier that day, Fink directed them to a knife lying on her desk and not to the
knife containing Cole’s blood.
Fink contends the proof at trial was that her mental condition prevented her from
acting with the culpable mental state at the time of the murder. While there was evidence
of Fink’s history of mental difficulties, there was sufficient evidence that she was not acting
with such difficulties at the time of the murder. In addition to her deliberate acts after the
murder to conceal evidence, law enforcement officers who interacted with Fink the day of
the murder testified that they had clear conversations with her, and her mother testified that
while Fink can be overly emotional at times, she was calm immediately prior to the murder.
While the State did not offer a motive for the murder, the jury could reasonably infer from
this evidence that Fink purposely killed Cole.
Fink also argues that the circuit erred in denying her motion for directed verdict of
acquittal on her affirmative defense of mental disease or defect. The State contends appellant
failed to prove the affirmative defense by a preponderance of the evidence. We find no
error.
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Fink’s mental condition was an affirmative defense raised at trial pursuant to Arkansas
Code Annotated section 5-2-312 (Repl. 2013). A defendant bears the burden of proving
an affirmative defense of mental disease or defect by a preponderance of the evidence. Davis
v. State, 368 Ark. 401, 406, 246 S.W.3d 862, 867 (2007). On appeal, our standard of review
of a jury verdict rejecting the defense of mental disease or defect is whether there is any
substantial evidence to support the verdict. Id. We will affirm a jury’s verdict if there is
any substantial evidence to support it. Id.
Fink argues that witness testimony, including the testimony from her expert in
forensic psychology, demonstrated that she was suffering from mental disease at the time of
the murder. At trial, both the appellant and the State offered evidence concerning
appellant’s mental capacity. Fink’s witnesses provided testimony that prior to the murder
she had repeated diagnoses of mood disorder and psychosis as evidenced by auditory
hallucinations and delusions. Her expert forensic psychologist, Dr. Richard Rogers, testified
that these mental diseases made her unable to conform her conduct to the requirements of
the law. The State offered the testimony of Dr. Paul Deyoub. Dr. Deyoub testified as to
his contrary belief that, although Fink had occasional psychotic features, such as hearing
voices, her activities and statements on the day of the murder indicate that she was
functioning at a sophisticated level of mental health and was not exhibiting any psychotic
thought processes such as delusions or hallucinations at that time.
Medical evidence and expert testimony can be highly persuasive; however, the jury
is not bound to accept the opinion testimony of any witness as true or conclusive, including
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the opinion testimony of expert witnesses. Davis, 368 Ark. at 407, 246 S.W.3d at 868. As
the sole judge of the credibility of expert witnesses, the jury has the duty to resolve
conflicting testimony regarding mental health competence. Id.
This was a credibility determination by the jury, and we affirm upon substantial
evidence. The jury heard the contradictory opinion testimony from Dr. Rogers and Dr.
Deyoub. However, the jury was entitled to believe the testimony of Dr. Deyoub over Dr.
Rogers and to find that Fink had not proved the defense of mental disease or defect by a
preponderance of the evidence. Accordingly, we find no merit to appellant’s argument
because there is sufficient evidence to support her conviction.
III. Wicks Exception
Fink also argues that, during closing argument, the State’s attorney made comments
that violated her constitutional right to a fair trial. Fink concedes that she did not make a
timely objection and argument regarding the exercise of her right to fair trial; however, she
argues that it is properly presented on appeal because one of the four exceptions outlined in
Wicks v. State, 270 Ark. 781, 606 S.W.2d 366 (1980) applies. The State avers that the Wicks
exceptions do not apply, that the issue was not properly preserved and that, regardless, the
argument is without merit. We agree with the State that the Wicks exceptions do not apply
and that the argument is not properly preserved.
Fink argues that, during the prosecutor’s closing argument, he was erroneously
allowed to make statements that violated her constitutional right to fair trial, such as: calling
the field of psychology “psycho-babble”; referring to the plaintiff’s forensic psychologist as
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a “so-called expert”; stating that the affirmative defense of mental disease or defect was a
“cop out”; and suggesting that the jury could not trust the Department of Health and
Human Services to keep the defendant detained.
However, as admitted by Fink, no objection was presented to the circuit court when
these comments were made by the prosecutor. The law is well settled that to preserve an
issue for appeal a defendant must object at the first opportunity. Thomas v. State, 370 Ark.
70, 74, 257 S.W.3d 92, 96–97 (2007). A party who does not object waives such argument
on appeal unless one of the four exceptions set forth in Wicks, 270 Ark. 781, 606 S.W.2d
366, applies. Id. In Wicks, we presented the following four narrow exceptions to the
contemporaneous-objection requirement: (1) when the trial court, in a death-penalty case,
fails to bring to the jury’s attention a matter essential to its consideration of the death penalty
itself; (2) when defense counsel has no knowledge of the error and thus no opportunity to
object; (3) when the error is so flagrant and so highly prejudicial in character that the trial
court should intervene on its own motion to correct the error; and (4) when the admission
or exclusion of evidence affects a defendant’s substantial rights. Id.
Fink contends that the third exception enumerated in Wicks applies in the instant
case. Regarding the third exception, we explained that it “is a mere possibility, for it has
not yet occurred in any case.” Id. at 786, 606, S.W.2d at 369. Because we intended the
third exception to be narrow, we cautioned that a reversal where the trial court failed to
intervene would be an “extremely rare exception to our basic rule.” Id. at 787, 606 S.W.2d
at 370.

Outcome: Our case law is clear that Wicks presents only narrow exceptions that are to be rarely applied. See Anderson v. State, 353 Ark. 384, 108 S.W.3d 592 (2003). We are not inclined to extend the third exception in Wicks to the facts of this case. Finally, we note that under Arkansas Supreme Court Rule 4-3(i), the record has been reviewed for all errors prejudicial to Fink. No reversible error has been found.

Affirmed.

Plaintiff's Experts:

Defendant's Experts:

Comments: Cheyenne Fink appeals the judgment and order finding her guilty of first-degree murder and sentencing her to life imprisonment. On appeal, Fink contends that the circuit court erred when it denied her motions for directed verdict because the State failed to present sufficient evidence that she acted with the purpose of causing Cole’s death and Fink proved by a preponderance of the evidence that she suffered from mental disease or defect that prevented her from conforming her behavior. Appellant also argues that comments made by the State during closing argument violated her right to a fair trial. We find no error and affirm.