STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA v. ANTONIO RASHEED HAIR

A certified copy of a judgment showing Defendant was convicted on 13 May

2015 of the felony of conspiracy to commit robbery with a dangerous weapon was

admitted into evidence. Defendant does not contest the validity of this evidence.

In addition, the State’s evidence tends to show that, at approximately 7:47 a.m.

on 11 October 2015, Deputy Richard Hallberg (“Deputy Hallberg”) of the Cumberland

County Sheriff’s Office received a dispatch to report to a residence at 2279 Sharon

Street in Fayetteville to investigate a reported gunshot wound. When Deputy

Hallberg arrived at the scene, he saw Defendant standing with another man next to

a Suzuki Forenza (“the Suzuki”). Deputy Hallberg noticed that Defendant had blood

on his pants’ leg. He asked Defendant what happened, and Defendant stated he had

accidentally shot himself. Deputy Hallberg asked Defendant for the gun, and

Defendant responded that he had thrown it out of the window of the Suzuki while

driving on Cumberland Road near Locklear’s Games and Snacks (“the store”). Upon

further questioning, Defendant said he “was dropping his friend off and it was near

the store. He went to get out of the car. The gun went off and then” he threw it out

of the Suzuki’s window. Deputy Hallberg and other law enforcement officers searched

the area where Defendant stated he had thrown the gun, but did not find one.

Detective Brandon Loudermilk (“Detective Loudermilk”) of the Cumberland

County Sheriff’s Office arrived at the scene at 8:32 a.m., after Defendant had already

been transported to the hospital. Detective Loudermilk checked the registration

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plate on the Suzuki, and determined Defendant owned the vehicle. He also observed

several areas of blood on the driver’s seat, but did not find any bullet holes in the

vehicle. Detective Loudermilk then traveled to the emergency room at Cape Fear

Medical Center, arriving at approximately 8:55 a.m.

While at the hospital, Detective Loudermilk questioned Defendant, who “was

less than cooperative on all the information.” Defendant’s statement was recorded

on an audio device, and was played for the jury. Detective Loudermilk also observed

what looked like a gunshot wound in Defendant’s leg. Defendant told Detective

Loudermilk that he had just “gotten his gun back” from some friends that morning,

but Defendant would not identify the friends. Defendant stated that, as he was

driving by the store, he pulled the trigger of the gun in order to check whether the

safety was on, and the gun fired, striking him in the leg. Defendant stated the gun

was his, and was a Hi-Point nine-millimeter with an extended magazine clip.

Defendant told Detective Loudermilk that, after shooting himself, he tried to exit his

vehicle, but could not and he accidentally dropped the gun on the ground. Defendant

then drove alone to his friend’s house at 2279 Sharon Street for assistance.

Defendant did not give Detective Loudermilk any specific information concerning

“where the gun was physically located at that time.”

Jonathan Griner (“Griner”), a crime scene investigator with the Cumberland

County Sheriff’s Office, also went to the crime scene and to the hospital. He saw

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what appeared to be blood on the driver’s seat of the Suzuki, but did not find any

“entry points” into the vehicle or other relevant evidence in the vicinity. While Griner

was at the hospital, he collected an orange biohazard bag containing a projectile that

had been recovered from the stretcher on which Defendant had been transported.

Griner also took photographs of Defendant’s injuries, which were consistent with

Defendant having accidentally shot himself in his right thigh.

Jordan Cole, one of the nurses who cared for Defendant while he was in the

emergency room, also testified that Defendant told her he had accidentally shot

himself in his right thigh. Renee Taylor, the nurse in charge of the unit testified that

a bullet was first noticed in an x-ray of Defendant’s injured leg, and was subsequently

recovered from the bedsheet of the stretcher on which Defendant arrived at the

hospital. That bullet was placed in a biohazard bag and handed over to the Sheriff’s

Office.

After the court denied Defendant’s motion to dismiss at the close of the State’s

evidence, Defendant testified that, on the morning in question, he was driving his

vehicle in the area of the store, and was stopped at a stop sign when a man

approached his vehicle and asked for a cigarette lighter. Defendant gave the man a

lighter but, as the man returned it, the man pointed a gun at him and demanded

money. The man shot Defendant, who then sped away. Defendant’s leg went numb

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and he drove to his friend’s house off Sharon Street. Defendant stated he did not

report to the police that he had been shot by this person because of fear of retaliation.

The trial court denied Defendant’s motion to dismiss at the close of all the

evidence. The jury returned a verdict finding Defendant guilty of possession of a

firearm by a convicted felon. The trial court sentenced Defendant on 26 October 2016

to active imprisonment for a minimum of eleven months and a maximum of twenty

three months.

Defendant filed written notice of appeal on 16 November 2016. Acknowledging

that the notice of appeal failed to identify this Court as the court to which appeal was

taken and did not contain a certificate of service, Defendant filed a petition for writ

of certiorari after filing the record on appeal in this Court. The petition was referred

to this panel for decision. Assuming, arguendo, that the defects are jurisdictional,

we allow Defendant’s petition and review the denial of Defendant’s motion to dismiss.

To withstand Defendant’s motion to dismiss the charge of possession of a

firearm by a convicted felon, the State must have presented substantial evidence that

Defendant possessed a firearm after having been convicted of a felony. State v. Cox,

367 N.C. 147, 151, 749 S.E.2d 271, 275 (2013). Further:

“Substantial evidence is relevant evidence that a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.” “The evidence is to be considered in the light most favorable to the State, and the State is entitled to . . . every reasonable inference to be drawn therefrom.” “Whether the State presented substantial evidence of each

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essential element is a question of law.” . . . . Accordingly, we conduct a de novo review to determine whether there was substantial evidence that defendant was previously convicted of a felony and subsequently possessed a firearm.



Id. at 150–51, 749 S.E.2d at 274–75 (citations omitted). Defendant does not dispute

that he had a felony record on the date the shooting occurred, so we only address

whether the State presented substantial evidence that Defendant possessed a firearm

on the morning of 11 October 2015.

Defendant contends that his confession to accidentally shooting himself was

insufficient, standing alone under the corpus delicti rule, to prove that he possessed

a firearm.

The corpus delicti rule is historically grounded in three policy justifications: (1) to “protect[ ] against those shocking situations in which alleged murder victims turn up alive after their accused killer has been convicted and perhaps executed”; (2) to “ensure[ ] that confessions that are erroneously reported or construed, involuntarily made, mistaken as to law or fact, or falsely volunteered by an insane or mentally disturbed individual cannot be used to falsely convict a defendant”; and (3) “to promote good law enforcement practices [by] requir[ing] thorough investigations of alleged crimes to ensure that justice is achieved and the innocent are vindicated.”



Traditionally, our corpus delicti rule has required the State to present corroborative evidence, independent of the defendant’s confession, tending to show that “(a) the injury or harm constituting the crime occurred [and] (b) this injury or harm was done in a criminal manner.” This traditional approach requires that the independent evidence “‘touch[ ] or concern[ ] the corpus delicti’” – literally, the body of the crime, such as the dead body in a

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murder case.



Id. at 151, 749 S.E.2d at 275 (citations omitted). However, there are now two methods

to satisfy the corpus delicti rule, the traditional method and “the Parker rule, [which]

applies when independent proof of the commission of the crime – that is, the corpus

delicti – is lacking but there is substantial independent evidence tending to establish

the trustworthiness of the defendant’s extrajudicial confession.” Id. at 152, 749

S.E.2d at 276 (citation omitted). On the present facts, we apply the Parker rule, and

must therefore “determine whether defendant’s ‘confession is supported by

substantial independent evidence tending to establish its trustworthiness, including

facts that tend to show [he] had the opportunity to commit the crime.’” Id. at 153,

749 S.E.2d at 276 (citation omitted).

Defendant contends that his confessions have not been sufficiently

corroborated to satisfy the corpus delicti rule because no firearm was found, and no

witness testified to having seen Defendant in possession of a firearm. We disagree.

Although no gun was ever recovered, Defendant sustained a gunshot wound to his

leg. The bullet entered the top of Defendant’s right thigh and exited on the back,

inner side of Defendant’s right thigh. A single bullet was found on the sheet of the

stretcher on which Defendant was transported to the hospital. Defendant’s gunshot

wound was ample proof that a firearm was in the vicinity of Defendant at the time in

question. Detective Loudermilk observed blood only on the driver’s seat of the

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Suzuki, and he did not find any evidence of bullet holes in the Suzuki that suggested

Defendant had been shot from outside the vehicle. Whether these facts could be

consistent with Defendant’s narrative of events is irrelevant. Id. at 150-51, 749

S.E.2d 271, 274-75. In Cox, after approaching a vehicle from which the driver had

fled, an officer

observed that defendant was one of three remaining passengers in the car. Officers thereafter found the firearm in question within ten to twelve feet of the driver’s open door. Even though the night was cool and the grass was wet with condensation, the firearm was dry and warm, indicating that it came from inside the car.



Id. at 153, 749 S.E.2d at 276. The defendant later admitted the firearm was his, and

he was tried for possession of a firearm by a felon. Our Supreme Court reasoned:

Although the gun recovered by the officers may have provided independent evidence of the tangible corpus delicti under the traditional rule, in light of the above considerations, we apply the Parker rule. Accordingly, we must determine whether defendant’s “confession is supported by substantial independent evidence tending to establish its trustworthiness, including facts that tend to show [he] had the opportunity to commit the crime.”



Id. (citation omitted) (emphasis added).1 The Court held that the evidence was

sufficient to satisfy the Parker rule and establish the trustworthiness of defendant’s

confession.

1 Our Supreme Court suggested that the presence of the gun might have been sufficient to satisfy the traditional rule, but it decided to apply the Parker rule, as either method of proof was acceptable. We apply the Parker rule, and therefore do not address whether the presence of the

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In line with Cox, Defendant states in his brief that “[e]vidence corroborating

the extrajudicial confession could consist of an officer discovering a gun at or near

where the confession indicated a gun would be[.]” The presence of a gunshot wound

in Defendant is at least as corroborative of Defendant’s confession as would have been

the recovery of a gun.2 While it is true that Defendant could have been shot by

someone else, it is also true, for example, that the gun recovered in Cox could have

belonged to the driver who fled the scene, and not the defendant in that case.

However, we do not consider the evidence in the light most favorable to Defendant,

we determine whether there was substantial independent evidence – “‘relevant

evidence that a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion’”

– supporting the trustworthiness of Defendant’s confessions.

We hold that the State presented substantial independent evidence in support

of the trustworthiness of Defendant’s multiple confessions, and further hold that the State presented substantial evidence in support of Defendant’s charge of possession of a firearm by a felon. We therefore hold the trial court properly denied Defendant’s motion to dismiss.