Peter Manuel Candelaria v. The State of Texas

El Paso, Texas - Criminal defense attorney represented Peter Manuel Candelaria with an Evading Arrest charge

The Big Spring Police Department had actively been attempting to locate and arrest

Appellant for outstanding warrants. On the morning of December 28, 2018, Sergeant Steve Henry

and Investigator Dustin Thomas conducted surveillance at a known residence of Appellant.

Sergeant Henry and Investigator Thomas sat and surveilled from their respective unit vehicles—

unmarked trucks equipped with red and blue lights, sirens, and radio. Based on information the

officers had, they believed Appellant drove a burgundy or red Buick, and knew the license plate

number. After not detecting activity, the officers took their lunch break and left the location. After

lunch, Investigator Thomas returned to the location and notified Sergeant Henry that he detected

movement; Appellant was "getting in and out of the house and to the vehicle.” Sergeant Henry

was in communication with Investigator Thomas while en route to the surveilled address when he

detected the burgundy Buick and positively identified the driver as Appellant. Sergeant Henry then

pulled up behind Appellant, activated the emergency lights of his undercover unit and notified

dispatch of the pursuit. During his testimony, Sergeant Henry stated he observed Appellant look

at him through the rearview mirror as soon as he began to follow him. Soon after, Appellant turned

right, and at this point, Sergeant Henry turned on his unit sirens; Appellant accelerated. Appellant

continued to accelerate, ran at least two stop signs, and at one point, drove in the wrong direction

on a one-way street. The vehicle then stopped, and two individuals exited the vehicle—Appellant

and a female. Appellant ran away and a foot pursuit ensued.

Sergeant Henry testified the vehicle pursuit—from the time he activated his unit lights, to

the time Appellant stopped and exited the vehicle—lasted about two and a quarter mile, with

Appellant reaching a speed of 80 mph. The foot pursuit ended when Appellant attempted to hide

in a dumpster, and ultimately opened fire on several officers once he was found.3

Procedural Background

Appellant was charged with evading arrest with a motor vehicle, enhanced to a third-degree

felony by two priors. The jury found Appellant guilty and sentenced him to the Institutional

Division of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice for a term of twenty-five years. This appeal

followed.

DISCUSSION

In a single issue, Appellant claims defense counsel impermissibly conceded guilt at trial

and is entitled to reversal of his conviction. We disagree.

Standard of Review and Applicable Law

The Sixth Amendment guarantees a criminal defendant assistance of counsel for his

defense, and when a defendant expressly asserts that the objective of his defense is to maintain

innocence, his lawyer must abide by that objective and may not override it by conceding guilt.

McCoy v. Louisiana, __ U.S. __, 138 S.Ct. 1500, 1508-09 (2018). The Supreme Court has held

the Sixth Amendment further guarantees a defendant "the right to insist that counsel refrain from

admitting guilt, even when counsel's experience-based view is that confessing guilt offers the

defendant the best chance to avoid the death penalty.” Turner v. State, 570 S.W.3d 250, 274

(Tex.Crim.App. 2018). Appellant relies solely on Turner and McCoy as the basis for reversal.

2

The "[v]iolation of a defendant's Sixth Amendment-secured autonomy ranks as error of

the kind our decisions have called 'structural'; when present, such an error is not subject to

2 The State counters this appeal by conducting a Sixth Amendment effective assistance of counsel analysis. However,

the crux of Appellant's argument is a McCoy violation, and for reasons articulated by the Supreme Court, we need not

address the State's Sixth Amendment effective assistance of counsel analysis. See McCoy, 138 S.Ct. at 1510-11

("Because a client's autonomy, not counsel's competence, is in issue, we do not apply our ineffective-assistance-ofcounsel jurisprudence, Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, . . . (1984), or United States v. Cronic, 466 U.S. 648,

. . . (1984) to McCoy's claim.”). 4

harmless-error review.” McCoy, 138 S.Ct. at 1511; see, e.g., McKaskle v. Wiggins, 465 U.S. 168,

177 n.8 (1984)("The right is either respected or denied; its deprivation cannot be harmless.”). The

Supreme Court has explicitly held a counsel's admission of a client's guilt over the client's express

objection is error structural in kind. McCoy, 138 S.Ct. at 1511 (explaining, "[s]uch an admission

blocks the defendant's right to make the fundamental choices about his own defense. And the

effects of the admission would be immeasurable, because a jury would almost certainly be swayed

by a lawyer's concession of his client's guilt.”).

Both defendants in McCoy and Turner were on trial for capital murder. Turner, 570 S.W.3d

at 275. In both cases, the defense counsel's strategy was to concede guilt, but argue the defendant

was guilty of a lesser offense to eliminate the death penalty. Id. Both defendants pled not guilty,

disagreed with their respective counsel's strategy, and testified contrary to it. Id. Both defense

counsels moved forward with their strategy, irrespective of their client's will to maintain

innocence; this is known as a McCoy claim. Id. The Court held a "defendant makes a McCoy

complaint with sufficient clarity when he presents 'express statements of [his] will to maintain

innocence.'” Id. at 276.

McCoy "opposed [his counsel's] assertion of his guilt at every opportunity, before and

during trial, both in conference with his lawyer and in open court[,]” which the Court found

amounted to an express statement of his will to maintain innocence. McCoy, 138 S.Ct. at 1504.

The Court held "[c]ounsel's admission of a client's guilt over the client's express objection . . .”

accorded McCoy "a new trial without any need first to show prejudice.” Id. In Turner, the Court

found there was no question Turner expressly maintained his innocence and it was clear his counsel5

knowingly went against his wishes. 570 S.W.3d at 276-77. The Court held McCoy was violated

and ordered reversal. Id. at 277.

Analysis

Appellant asserts a McCoy claim and requests we reverse his conviction, asserting that at

trial, he "unequivocally pleaded 'not guilty' to the instant evading charge.” According to

Appellant, defense counsel conceded guilt in his closing argument against his wishes:

[Appellant] admitted he's guilty. He said it. You know, it's for you to decide, not

me, but I think he was pretty blunt on what he does and all that type deal. You

know, 'Evaded arrest, sure I did,' type deal, you know.

Although it is true Appellant pled not guilty, we find his will to maintain innocence was neither

express nor unequivocal. On direct examination, Appellant and defense counsel had the following

exchange:

Q. But at some point you knew that it was the police; is that fair to say or...

A. Yes, sir, I did.

. . .

Q. So, in all fairness, you intentionally fled from the officer. You knew it was a

police officer, and you fled from him in a vehicle. You used the vehicle. We're not

in any way contesting that issue; is that fair to say?

A. No sir. I fled.

On cross examination, Appellant confirmed his guilt to the prosecutor:

Q. You knew when that black pickup truck turned behind you and turned his lights

on and the siren, you knew it was a cop?

A. Yes, sir, I knew.

Q. And you knew you had two outstanding warrants at the time, didn't you?

A. Yes, sir. 6

Q. So you knew they were going to arrest you?

A. Yes, I knew.

Q. So that kind of gives you motivation to run right there, doesn't it?

A. Yes, sir.

. . .

Q. So all the drugs in the car and the gun, they all give you motivation, 'I've got to

get away from this guy'; is that fair?

A. Yeah, that's fair.

Q. So by your own admission, you're really in the act of committing about three

different felonies and you're evading and you have warrants; is that fair?

A. Yes sir.

McCoy is violated and reversal is required only upon a showing that a defendant has

expressly stated his will to maintain innocence. Turner, 570 S.W.3d at 276. In the instant case,

Appellant did not expressly state his will to maintain innocence; in fact, Appellant did the exact

opposite and expressly stated his will to maintain guilt. As such, we cannot find McCoy was

violated. Appellant is not entitled to reversal of his conviction of evading arrest with a motor

vehicle. Appellant's sole issue is overruled.

For these reasons, we affirm