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On December 6, 2018, at approximately 3:40 p.m., following the end of his

duty shift, Clark County Sheriff’s Sergeant Ralph Underwood was driving home in a

marked cruiser. A male driver, who was accompanied by a “younger female,” pulled his

vehicle alongside Underwood’s cruiser “in a panic” and motioned to Underwood to “roll

down the [cruiser’s] window.” The individual then informed Underwood that “the guy

behind [Underwood] in the white car [was] waving a gun.” Because Underwood’s

immediate “focus was on the car behind [him] which supposedly had a gun,” Underwood

did not obtain the informant’s identifying information.

{¶ 3} Underwood radioed dispatch to request assistance. Clark County Sheriff

Deborah Burchett arrived soon thereafter. Underwood then initiated a stop of Cook’s

vehicle. Based upon the reported gun, Underwood approached Cook’s vehicle with his

service weapon drawn. Cook and his passenger were ordered out of the vehicle and

handcuffed. Underwood advised Cook and the passenger they were being handcuffed

for everyone’s “protection,” and that “if it works out…I’ll let you go.”

{¶ 4} At this point, Burchett advised Underwood there was a mask in plain view on

the “passenger side” of Cook’s vehicle. The mask, referred to by the parties as an “opera





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mask” and depicted in photographic exhibits 2 and 3, depicted a male face. At this

juncture, Underwood looked under the vehicle’s passenger seat and observed a semi

automatic handgun. An unattached magazine was located beside the handgun. Cook was

administered Miranda warnings, and, upon questioning, he admitted he owned the

handgun.

{¶ 5} Cook was indicted for improper handling of a firearm in a motor vehicle in

violation of R.C. 2923.16(B), a fourth degree felony. Cook filed a motion to suppress the

handgun and his post-Miranda statements. After conducting a hearing, the trial court

overruled the suppression motion. Cook thereafter entered a no contest plea and was

found guilty. The trial court sentenced Cook to a six-month prison term. This appeal

followed.



Analysis

{¶ 6} Cook raises two assignments of error as follows:

The officer lacked a reasonable, articulable suspicion to effectuate a

traffic stop based solely on an anonymous tipster with no independent

corroboration;

The officers lacked probable cause to search the vehicle based

solely on an uncorroborated anonymous tip and [the discovery of] a black

opera mask.



Standard of Review

{¶ 7} An appellate court, when reviewing a motion to suppress decision, must





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accept the trial court’s factual findings as long as the findings are supported by credible

evidence. State v. Walker, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 24542, 2012-Ohio-847, ¶ 17. But an

appellate court’s review of the legal conclusions drawn from those facts is de novo. Id.



The Stop

{¶ 8} Based upon the informant’s purported anonymous status and the absence of

corroboration of the informant’s information, Cook asserts that Underwood did not

possess a reasonable, articulable suspicion of criminal activity, and thus, the stop violated

the Fourth Amendment.

{¶ 9} Informants are classified into three basic, but on occasion “somewhat

blurred,” groups: (1) the anonymous informant, (2) the known (often criminally connected)

informant who has previously provided reliable information, and (3) the known citizen

informant. State v. Gregory, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 28240, 2019-Ohio-3000, ¶ 24

quoting Maumee v. Weisner, 87 Ohio St.3d 295, 300, 720 N.E.2d 507 (1999). Irrespective

of the informant’s status, when the police execute an investigative stop based exclusively

on an informant’s tip, the stop’s legality is determined by an assessment of the informant’s

reliability and, assuming the tip’s reliability, whether the tip established a reasonable,

articulable suspicion that the person to be stopped was, or was about to be, engaged in

criminal activity. State v. Lester, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 27762, 2018-Ohio-3601, ¶ 33,

quoting State v. Hamilton, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-160247, 2017-Ohio-8140, ¶ 13, citing

Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 103 S.Ct. 2317, 76 L.Ed.2d 527 (1983). In this case, the

tip, if reliable, established a reasonable suspicion that Cook was engaged in criminal

activity. Thus, our determination turns on the informant’s reliability. The reliability





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judgment is based upon the totality of circumstances including the informant’s status and

basis of knowledge. Id.

{¶ 10} An uncorroborated anonymous tip is “ ‘seldom [sufficient to] demonstrate[e]

the informant’s basis of knowledge or veracity’ ” but even so, “under appropriate

circumstances, an anonymous tip can demonstrate ‘sufficient indicia of reliability to

provide reasonable suspicion to make [an] investigative stop.’ ” Navarette v. California,

572 U.S. 393, 397, 134 S.Ct. 1683, 188 L.Ed.2d 680 (2014), quoting Alabama v. White,

496 U.S. 325, 327, 110 S.Ct. 2412, 100 L.Ed.2d 301 (1990).

{¶ 11} In contrast, “an identified citizen informant is accorded a ‘greater degree of

reliability’ [than an anonymous tipster] and ‘therefore, a strong showing as to the other

indicia of reliability [i.e. indicia other than the classification of the informant] may be

unnecessary.’ ” State v. Pickett, 2017-Ohio-5830, 94 N.E.3d 1046, ¶ 11 (2d Dist.), quoting

State v. Carrocce, 10 Dist. Franklin No. 06AP-101, 2006-Ohio-6376, ¶ 32, quoting City of

Weisner at 300-301. Thus, when “a citizen-informant * * * is victimized or merely

witnesses a crime and reports it out of a sense of civic duty, the police may be entitled to

presume that the informant is reliable.” Pickett at ¶ 11, quoting Carrocci at ¶ 32. (Other

citations omitted.)

{¶ 12} Based upon Underwood’s failure to obtain the informant’s identifying

information or to corroborate the tip, Cook argues that the informant was appropriately

classified as an unreliable anonymous tipster. The circumstances surrounding the tip

suggests otherwise. In contrast to a true anonymous tipster who acts to conceal his

identity, the citizen in this case openly contacted Underwood on a public street. The

informant, upon making contact, could not know that Underwood would not obtain his





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identifying information, Underwood’s immediate, and understandable, focus upon the

informant’s information did not make the informant a mere anonymous tipster. The

informant’s open, public contact with Underwood was, instead, consistent with a citizen,

albeit not identified, who, out of civic duty, reports criminal conduct he has witnessed. As

noted, the categories, as here, are not always neat and tidy. But the categories are simply

a tool used to assist in the ultimate determination of the informant’s reliability.

{¶ 13} Based upon the informant’s face-to-face, contemporaneous, and panicked

report of a startling event (the waving of a gun in the vehicle directly behind Underwood’s

cruiser), we conclude that the informant’s tip was reliable. This reliability allowed

Underwood “to credit the [informant’s] allegation” that the driver of the vehicle positioned

directly behind his cruiser had been waving a gun. See Navarette at 399. Given this, the

stop was a proper investigative stop under the Fourth Amendment and under Terry v.

Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968).



The Search

{¶ 14} Cook next argues that the search of his vehicle was not supported by

probable cause. In response, the state asserts that the search was supported by probable

cause that a handgun was present within the vehicle under the totality of circumstances,

including the discovery of the mask. However, consistent with our investigative stop

determination, we conclude that Underwood’s search of the vehicle’s passenger

compartment was a protective weapons search sanctioned by Michigan v. Long, 463 U.S.

1032, 103 S.Ct. 3469, 77 L.Ed.2d 1201 (1983). In Long, the Supreme Court concluded

that the protective pat down search for weapons authorized by Terry may extend to a





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vehicle’s passenger compartment.1 Consistent with Terry, such a search is permissible

when an officer, upon making an investigative stop involving a vehicle, has a reasonable

belief, based upon specific, articulable facts, that the person stopped is dangerous, that

a weapon may be within the vehicle’s passenger compartment, and that the suspect,

upon his return to the vehicle, could gain immediate control of a hidden weapon. Long at

1049. See also State v. Walker, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 24542, 2012-Ohio-847, ¶ 28;

State v. Roye, 2d Dist. Greene No. 2001-CA-5, 2001 WL 703869, *3 (June 22, 2001).

{¶ 15} We have already concluded that Underwood’s stop of Cook’s vehicle was

authorized based upon the reasonable suspicion that, just before the stop, Cook had been

waving a handgun inside the vehicle. This conclusion also supported the reasonable,

prudent belief that Cook was dangerous and a handgun was within the vehicle. Finally,

assuming the investigative stop did not otherwise reveal a handgun, Cook would have

had immediate access to such a handgun upon the stop's completion and his return to

the vehicle. Under these facts, we conclude that Underwood’s search of the vehicle’s

passenger compartment was a protective weapons search that did not violate the Fourth

Amendment.

{¶ 16} Cook’s assignments of error are overruled.

Having found that neither the stop nor the search violated the Fourth

Amendment, the judgment of the Clark County Common Pleas Court is affirmed.