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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA — v. — TATYANA GABINSKAYA, AKA Sealed Defendant 24
Date: 07-16-2016
Case Number: 15‐776‐cr10
Judge: GERARD E. LYNCH
Court: UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
Plaintiff's Attorney: AMANDA KRAMER, Margaret Garnett, Assistant United States Attorneys
Defendant's Attorney:
light most favorable to the verdict. United States v. Gowing, 683 F.3d 406, 40818
Zemlyansky and Danilovich operated a large‐scale scheme to defraud1
insurance companies by submitting false claims under New York’s no‐fault2
insurance laws for medical services allegedly provided by various PCs under3
their control. Under New York law, PCs providing medical services to no‐fault4
insurers must be owned by licensed physicians. See N.Y. Bus. Corp. Law5
§ 1507(a). As part of their scheme, Zemlyansky and Danilovich recruited and6
paid licensed physicians to open PCs specializing in providing medical services7
that car accident victims might need. Gabinskaya was one such physician.8
Gabinskaya signed incorporation paperwork forming Clearview as a PC,9
and documents to open its bank accounts. In actual fact, however, Gabinskaya10
was merely a front whose medical license permitted Clearview to submit11
insurance claims. Zemlyanksy and Danilovich, who were not physicians,12
controlled and operated the clinic, with no actual oversight by Gabinskaya, in13
such a way as to maximize the insurance payout from the statutory pool of14
no‐fault automobile insurance, which covers up to $50,000 in medical expenses15
for each individual injured in a car accident in New York state. The existence of16
this scheme was not disputed at trial; Gabinskaya challenges only her knowing17
participation in the scheme.18
6
The evidence at trial demonstrated that Gabinskaya played no role at1
Clearview. She did not see patients. She did not supervise employees. She was2
rarely present at the clinic. Three Clearview employees testified that they were3
unaware of Gabinskaya’s having any role with respect to Clearview, and testified4
that they understood Zemlyansky and Danilovich to be the owners of the clinic.5
Nor did Gabinskaya bear the financial risk of the success or failure of the6
scheme. Instead, Zemlyansky and Danilovich paid her a flat fee of $1,500 per7
week. Danilovich acknowledged Gabinskaya’s role in a recorded phone call.8
When referring to another doctor whom the coconspirators were attempting to9
recruit to become a paper owner of a PC, and who apparently intended to take10
some role in managing the PC, Danilovich contrasted the intended arrangement11
with the relationship with Gabinskaya, saying, “It’s not going to be like a, let’s12
say, Tatyana, you know what I mean, 1500 bucks and that’s it, keep it moving.”13
A. 1132.14
In December 2010 and January 2011, Gabinskaya was required by Allstate15
Insurance to submit to an examination under oath (“EUO”) regarding insurance16
claims which had been submitted by Clearview. During the EUO, Gabinskaya17
stated that she worked at Clearview “three hours per day,” “two, three times a18
7
week” during which times she approved days off and conducted a “five, ten1
minute interview” of all new patients “to determine which MRI comes first.”2
A. 667. Of course, this testimony contradicted the testimony set forth above by3
the three Clearview employees. During the EUO, Gabinskaya specifically named4
Adelaida Martinez as a patient that she had personally interviewed prior to5
Martinez’s receiving care. Martinez, however, testified that she came to6
Clearview for an MRI, and was never interviewed or otherwise seen by any7
doctor at the clinic, much less Gabinskaya.8
DISCUSSION9
I. Sufficiency of the Evidence10
Gabinskaya argues that the evidence was insufficient to establish her role11
either as a fraudulent straw owner or as a knowing and willful coconspirator. “A12
defendant challenging the sufficiency of the evidence bears a heavy burden . . . .”13
United States v. Kozeny, 667 F.3d 122, 139 (2d Cir. 2011). While we review a claim14
of insufficient evidence de novo, see United States v. Geibel, 369 F.3d 682, 689 (2d15
Cir. 2004), a jury verdict must be upheld if “any rational trier of fact could have16
found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt,” Jackson v.17
Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979). 18
8
The evidence adduced at trial was sufficient for a rational jury to find1
Gabinskaya’s knowing and willful participation in the scheme as the straw2
owner of Clearview. As discussed above, Gabinskaya signed the necessary3
paperwork in order for her coconspirators to open and operate Clearview, but4
did not exercise any control over its operations, or participate in its business or5
medical decisions. Gabinskaya did not see patients or supervise employees. 6
Rather, the clinic was controlled and operated solely by Zemlyansky and7
Danilovich. Nor did Gabinskaya fund Clearview’s operations or share in the8
profits or the risk of loss, instead receiving a fixed payment of $1,500 per week.9
Gabinskaya’s knowledge of the fraudulent nature of the scheme was also10
sufficiently proved. Most tellingly, Gabinskaya falsely testified during the EUO11
that she worked at the clinic two to three times per week, supervised employees,12
and interviewed patients, including Adelaida Martinez, testimony which was13
directly contradicted by other evidence admitted at trial. Such false testimony14
permits a reasonable jury to infer consciousness of wrongdoing. Gabinskaya’s15
perjurious statements were all designed to portray Gabinskaya as involved in or16
controlling Clearview’s operations, as is necessary under New York State law.17
The jury was entitled to conclude from Gabinskaya’s false testimony during the18
9
EUO, along with the totality of the evidence, that Gabinskaya understood that, in1
order for Clearview lawfully to submit no‐fault insurance claims, she, as a2
licensed physician, had to be not merely its paper owner but rather its actual3
owner, and that she knowingly participated in the fraudulent scheme with the4
intent to further its aims by misrepresenting her role at Clearview. Gabinskaya’s5
challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence therefore fails.6
II. Jury Instruction7
Gabinskaya’s sufficiency argument really hinges on the contention that as a8
matter of New York law, ownership of a PC is solely a matter of corporate9
formality. Accordingly, she argues that the jury was improperly instructed on10
the definition of “ownership” in connection with the no‐fault insurance system.11
In advance of trial, Gabinskaya asked the district court to instruct the jury that12
“ownership” is defined purely formally, requesting that the jury be instructed as13
follows: “If you find from the evidence that the doctors were the shareholders of14
the PCs, then you must conclude that they were the owners of the PCs.” A. 180.15
The district court ultimately rejected this request, and instructed the jury to16
determine ownership for purposes of the relevant regulations by considering17
factors such as “responsibility for the financial risk” of the PC, and “domination18
10
and control” over the PC, as well as various indicia of “formal” ownership. A.1
1647‐48. We agree with the district court that the jury instructions were in accord2
with New York law regarding the meaning of “ownership” for purposes of New3
York’s no‐fault insurance laws. 4
As a general matter, no particular wording is required for a jury instruction5
to be legally sufficient, but rather, this Court must “look to the charge as a whole6
to determine whether it adequately reflected the law and would have conveyed7
to a reasonable juror the relevant law.” United States v. Mulder, 273 F.3d 91, 1058
(2d Cir. 2001) (internal quotation marks omitted). We review “a properly9
preserved claim of error regarding jury instructions de novo, reversing only10
where, viewing the charge as a whole, there was a prejudicial error.” United States11
v. Coplan, 703 F.3d 46, 87 (2d Cir. 2012) (internal quotation marks omitted).12
In order to be entitled to receive reimbursement from a no‐fault insurer, a13
medical services PC must be owned by a licensed physician. See N.Y. Bus. Corp.14
Law § 1507(a); N.Y. Comp. Codes R. & Regs. tit. 11, § 65–3.16(a)(12). Under New15
York law, such ownership has been authoritatively held to mean more than16
merely formal ownership of stock certificates. In 2005, the New York Court of17
Appeals, in answering a question certified by this Court, held that insurers may18
11
properly refuse to pay no‐fault insurance claims submitted by medical services1
PCs that do not comply with New York’s valid licensing requirements, which2
“prohibit nonphysicians from owning or controlling medical service3
corporations.” State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Mallela, 4 N.Y.3d 313, 320‐214
(2005). In determining what constitutes “ownership” of a PC for purposes of5
determining whether insurance companies are obliged to reimburse the PC for6
medical services, the Mallela court held that where “unlicensed defendants paid7
physicians to use their names on paperwork filed with the State to establish8
medical service corporations,” and “nonphysicians actually operated the9
companies,” the physicians were not the true owners of the PC, and the10
arrangement constituted fraud. Id. at 319‐20. The court further held that it is11
appropriate to “look beyond the face of licensing documents,” id. at 321, in order12
to combat fraud in “the corporate practice of medicine by nonphysicians,” id. at13
320 n.2. Thus, nominal or “paper” ownership is not enough for compliance with14
the regulatory scheme. See id. at 321. Mallela was decided, and these principles of15
law established, well before Gabinskaya’s conduct in this case.16
Since Mallela, other federal and state courts in New York have reaffirmed17
the understanding that “ownership” of a PC within the meaning of the no‐fault18
12
insurance laws looks to the realities of actual control of the PC, including the1
economic risks and benefits of the enterprise, as well as the formal indicia of2
ownership, and that misrepresenting ownership status for purposes of securing3
insurance reimbursement constitutes fraud. In a civil RICO case in which “[a]ll of4
the PCs involved were owned on paper by licensed medical doctors (‘paper5
owners’)” but “were in fact controlled by other individuals or entities that were6
not doctors (‘actual owners’),” a district court in the Eastern District of New York7
held that “a health care provider that is fraudulently licensed – because it is in8
fact owned or controlled by non‐physicians – makes a misrepresentation when it9
claims eligibility for reimbursement.” Allstate Ins. Co. v. Lyons, 843 F. Supp. 2d10
358, 366, 371 (E.D.N.Y. 2012). The district court in that case concluded that “it is11
easy to find that Allstate has adequately pled fraudulent incorporation” because12
the factual allegations in that case, similar to those in the instant case, “are more13
than sufficient to raise the reasonable inference that [the medical PC] was actually14
owned and controlled not by [the paper owner], who is a physician, but by15
nonphysicians.” Id. at 371‐72; see also, e.g., Andrew Carothers, M.D., P.C., v.16
Progressive Ins. Co., 979 N.Y.S.2d 439, 445‐47 (App. Div. 2d Dep’t 2013)17
(upholding civil jury verdict on denial of claims for “fraudulent incorporation”18
13
under Mallela, and affirming trial court’s instructions on thirteen factors to assist1
the jurors in making an assessment as to whether the physician nominal owner,2
or the nonphysician controller, was in fact the true “owner” of the medical PC).3
Gabinskaya does not argue that any of the individual factors the jury was4
instructed to consider, such as responsibility for the financial risk of the PC and5
domination and control over the PC, as well as various indicia of formal6
ownership, were improper, nor that any different or additional factors should7
have been included. We therefore have no occasion to consider whether the8
district court’s instruction could or should have included other matters. 9
Gabinskaya’s argument is that the jury’s consideration should have been limited10
solely to formal indicia of ownership. We reject that argument, and hold that, as11
in the civil context, a factfinder in a criminal case concerning no‐fault insurance12
fraud in New York may consider factors beyond formal ownership in the context13
of fraudulent incorporation of a PC, which serves the State’s interests both in14
preventing fraud and in preventing nonphysicians from practicing medicine.15
III. Evidentiary Contention16
Gabinskaya also argues that the district court erred by excluding from17
evidence documents reflecting attorney Gerard Tanella’s misconduct,18
14
suspension, and disbarment. Under Rule 401 of the Federal Rules of Evidence,1
evidence is relevant if it “has any tendency to make a fact more or less probable2
than it would be without the evidence” and “the fact is of consequence in3
determining the action.” Fed. R. Evid. 401. However, even relevant evidence may4
be excluded “if its probative value is substantially outweighed by a danger of . . .5
unfair prejudice, confusing the issues, misleading the jury, undue delay, wasting6
time, or needlessly presenting cumulative evidence.” Fed. R. Evid. 403. Trial7
courts enjoy considerable discretion to decide evidentiary issues, see, e.g., United8
States v. Khalil, 214 F.3d 111, 122 (2d Cir. 2000), and our review “is highly9
deferential in recognition of the district court’s ‘superior position to assess10
relevancy and to weigh the probative value of evidence against its potential for11
unfair prejudice,’” United States v. Coppola, 671 F.3d 220, 244 (2d Cir. 2012),12
quoting United States v. Abu‐Jihaad, 630 F.3d 102, 131 (2d Cir. 2010). 13
The fact that an unethical lawyer was employed by Gabinskaya’s14
coconspirators to handle some of the financial arrangements for the fraudulent15
scheme has little or no bearing on Gabinskaya’s knowing involvement in the16
scheme. No evidence in the record suggests that Gabinskaya received or relied17
upon any advice from Tanella that her role in the scheme was lawful. That an18
15
attorney hired by her coconspirators may have stolen money from other clients is1
not probative of Gabinskaya’s guilt or lack of guilt, and could easily have2
confused the jury and wasted time by diverting attention from the evidence3
relevant to Gabinskaya’s conduct to the details of Tanella’s unethical behavior.4
The district court accordingly acted well within its considerable discretion in5
excluding the evidence.6
IV. New Trial Motion7
Finally, Gabinskaya argues that the district court erred when it denied8
Gabinskaya’s motion for a new trial pursuant to Federal Rule of Criminal9
Procedure 33 because of the cumulative effect of the above alleged errors. This10
Court reviews the district court’s denial of a motion under Rule 33 for abuse of11
discretion. United States v. Rigas, 583 F.3d 108, 125 (2d Cir. 2009). Because we have12
rejected the claims of insufficient evidence, erroneous jury instructions, and13
improperly excluded evidence on which Gabinskaya’s request for a new trial is14
predicated, she cannot demonstrate that the district court abused its discretion in15
denying her motion. See United States v. Rivera, 900 F.2d 1462, 1470 (10th Cir.16
1990) (“[A] cumulative‐error analysis aggregates only actual errors to determine17
their cumulative effect.”).
About This Case
What was the outcome of UNITED STATES OF AMERICA — v. — TATYANA GABINS...?
The outcome was: For the foregoing reasons, we conclude that all of Gabinskaya’s arguments are without merit, and we therefore AFFIRM the judgment of the district court
Which court heard UNITED STATES OF AMERICA — v. — TATYANA GABINS...?
This case was heard in UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT, NY. The presiding judge was GERARD E. LYNCH.
Who were the attorneys in UNITED STATES OF AMERICA — v. — TATYANA GABINS...?
Plaintiff's attorney: AMANDA KRAMER, Margaret Garnett, Assistant United States Attorneys. Defendant's attorney: Sean M. Maher.
When was UNITED STATES OF AMERICA — v. — TATYANA GABINS... decided?
This case was decided on July 16, 2016.