State of New Mexico v. Brandon J. Barron

Albuquerque, NM - Criminal defense attorney represented Brandon Barron with a criminal sexual penetration (CSP) in the third degree charge.

Defendant, a door-to-door vacuum cleaner salesman, stopped by Victim's

5 home on March 15, 2017. Victim allowed Defendant into her home to perform a

6 demonstration of the vacuum cleaner's features, and Defendant offered to show

7 Victim an attachment for cleaning mattresses. Victim agreed, and Defendant and

8 Victim proceeded to Victim's bedroom. After demonstrating the mattress

9 attachment, Defendant asked Victim questions about her personal life and romantic

10 interests. Victim, who testified at trial that she had been raped and beaten when she

11 was nineteen, suspected Defendant wanted to have sex, and thought that by

12 proactively offering oral sex, she could avoid being beaten and raped. Accordingly,

13 she offered to engage in oral sex with Defendant, Defendant agreed, and Victim and

14 Defendant engaged in oral sex. Thereafter, Defendant suggested that Victim and

15 Defendant have anal sex. Victim agreed, but during the act, Victim told Defendant

16 to stop because he was hurting her. Defendant did not stop, and instead kept his

17 hands over hers and held her down, continuing until ejaculation. Defendant was

18 subsequently arrested, and a grand jury indicted him on a charge of CSP in the third

19 degree. At trial, Defendant was convicted and sentenced to three years in prison.

20 This appeal followed. 3

1 DISCUSSION

2 I. The District Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion in Denying Defendant's

3 Request for a Statement of Facts

4 {3} Defendant contends that the district court abused its discretion in denying his

5 request for a statement of facts, and that this error prejudiced Defendant by rendering

him unable to properly defend against the charge.1 6 "We review the district court's

7 denial of a motion for a [statement of facts] for an abuse of discretion.” State v.

8 DeAngelo M., 2015-NMCA-019, ¶ 31, 344 P.3d 1019. "An abuse of discretion

9 occurs when the ruling is clearly against the logic and effects of the facts and

10 circumstances of the case. We cannot say the [district] court abused its discretion by

11 its ruling unless we can characterize [the ruling] as clearly untenable or not justified

12 by reason.” State v. Rojo, 1999-NMSC-001, ¶ 41, 126 N.M. 438 (internal quotation

13 marks and citation omitted).

14 {4} Defendant was indicted on the charge of CSP in the third degree, which

15 "consists of all criminal sexual penetration perpetrated through the use of force or

1In his brief, Defendant cites to Art. II, Section XIV of the New Mexico

Constitution, which provides in "all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall have

the right to . . . demand the nature and cause of the accusation[.]” Other than citing

to this provision of the Constitution, Defendant does not otherwise develop an

argument regarding how his constitutional rights were violated. We therefore limit

our analysis to whether the district court abused its discretion in denying Defendant's

request for a statement of facts. See State v. Arias, 2018-NMCA-057, ¶ 30, 427 P.3d 129

(stating "where a defendant fails to develop requisite aspects of an argument, this Court

will not construct an argument for him” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)).4

1 coercion not otherwise specified in this section.” Section 30-9-11(F). "[F]orce or

2 coercion” is defined in relevant part, as "the use of physical force or physical

3 violence” and "the perpetration of criminal sexual penetration . . . when the

4 perpetrator knows or has reason to know that the victim . . . suffers from a mental

5 condition that renders the victim incapable of understanding the nature or

6 consequences of the act[.]” NMSA 1978, § 30-9-10(A)(l), (4) (2005). Prior to trial,

7 the prosecutor explained that he was considering proceeding either on the theory that

8 Defendant used force, or on the theory that Victim had diminished mental capacity,

9 and that the State had not yet elected which theory it would present at trial.

10 Defendant filed a pretrial motion requesting that the State be compelled to provide

11 him a statement of facts, averring that the indictment against him was "vague,

12 indefinite, uncertain and insufficient in general terms and conclusions.” The district

13 court denied the motion.

14 {5} It is generally unnecessary for the State to specify in an indictment, the "time

15 of the commission of [the] offense; . . . place of the commission of offense;

16 . . . means by which the offense was committed . . . intent with which an act was

17 done; . . . description of any place or thing . . . the specific degree of the offense

18 charged; . . . any statutory exceptions to the offense charged; or any other similar

19 allegation.” Rule 5-205(A) NMRA. However, "[e]very accused has the right to be

20 informed of the crime with which he is charged in sufficient detail to enable him to 5

1 prepare his defense.” State v. Foster, 1974-NMCA-150, ¶ 7, 87 N.M. 155, 530 P.2d

2 949. If "defendants do not have adequate notice of the charges filed against them,

3 they cannot be expected to prepare a defense to those charges.” State v. Lente, 2019-

4 NMSC-020, ¶ 15, 453 P.3d 416. Accordingly, a defendant who believes he has

5 inadequate notice of the charges against him, may file a motion and the "[district]

6 court may order the state to file a statement of facts setting forth any or all of the

7 unnecessary allegations[.]” Rule 5-205(C).

8 {6} This Court has previously held that the State need only provide "details

9 sufficient to enable a defendant to prepare a defense[.]” State v. Badoni, 2003-

10 NMCA-009, ¶ 16, 133 N.M. 257, 62 P.3d 348. A defendant is not entitled to a

11 statement of facts if the defendant receives sufficient information about the nature

12 and crime charged by alternative means. See State v. Serna, 1991-NMCA-102, ¶ 20,

13 112 N.M. 738, 819 P.2d 688 (holding that a defendant was not entitled to a statement

14 of facts where he had been put on notice of crime charged through his receipt of

15 copy of grand jury indictment, police report, and defense counsel's interview with

16 State's witnesses); State v. Aaron, 1984-NMCA-124, ¶ 22, 102 N.M. 187, 692 P.2d

17 1336 (holding that the purpose of a statement of facts was fulfilled by providing the

18 defendant with grand jury tapes providing adequate information allowing the

19 defendant to prepare his defense). In this case, Defendant was provided with the

20 indictment on the charge of CSP, access to the State's discovery, and the recording 6

1 of the grand jury proceeding. Once Defendant obtained the grand jury materials and

2 heard the prosecutor's explanation that the State was proceeding on both theories,

3 Defendant had the information required to prepare a defense, and accordingly, was

4 not entitled to a statement of facts.

5 {7} Finally, Defendant argues that had the district court granted his motion, it

6 "would have held the prosecution to its announced mental incapacity theory, instead

7 of allowing them to switch back and forth mid-trial.” We disagree. Defendant cites

8 to no authority for the proposition that the State must elect a particular theory prior

9 to trial. The United States Supreme Court "has long acknowledged the

10 Government's broad discretion to conduct criminal prosecutions, including its

11 power to select the charges to be brought in a particular case.” Ball v. United States,

12 470 U.S. 856, 859 (1985). Similarly, we have held that the state need not elect a

13 precise theory of culpability ahead of trial, so long as the defendant has adequate

14 notice of the charges against him. See State v. McCall, 1983-NMCA-109, ¶ 30, 101

15 N.M. 616, 686 P.2d 958, rev'd on other grounds, 1984-NMSC-007, ¶ 1, 101 N.M.

16 32, 677 P.2d 1068 (holding that refusal to compel the state to elect the precise theory

17 of culpability upon which the charges set forth in the indictment would be tried was

18 not a basis for establishing that the defendant was without sufficient notice and

19 information to adequately prepare his defense where no showing was made that any

20 evidence produced by the state at trial came as a surprise to the defendant).7

1 Defendant was not prejudiced because, even without a statement of facts, the defense

2 was on notice more than a year before trial that the prosecution was contemplating

3 proceeding on either a theory of force or a theory that Victim lacked mental capacity,

4 or both, as set forth in Section 30-9-10(A)(l), (4).

5 II. Denial of Defendant's Request for Victim's Records

6 {8} Defendant argues that the district court erred in denying his motion requesting

7 Victim's mental health records. He contends that because the State signaled an intent

8 to proceed under a mental incapacity theory, the State was required "to obtain” and

disclose Victim's "mental health records.” 9 2 Defendant focuses his argument on

10 Victim's capacity to consent under Section 30-9-10(A)(4), a theory which the State

11 did not ultimately pursue at trial. See id. (stating that force or coercion can be

12 established if a victim "suffers from a mental condition that renders the victim

13 incapable of understanding the nature or consequences of the act”).

14 {9} "Where medical records are sought by the defense . . . we require a threshold

15 showing by the defendant that the records may reasonably be expected to provide

16 information material to the defense.” State v. Paiz, 2006-NMCA-144, ¶ 15, 140

17 N.M. 815, 149 P.3d 579 (alteration, internal quotation marks, and citation omitted);

18 see Rule 5-501(A)(6) NMRA (indicating the state shall provide the defendant with

2

Defendant did not develop an argument below or on appeal that Defendant's

mental health was material to the issue of consent and thus, we limit our analysis

accordingly.8

1 "any material evidence favorable to the defendant which the state is required to

2 produce under the [D]ue [P]ocess [C]lause of the United States Constitution”). A

3 trial court's discovery rulings are reviewed for abuse of discretion. State v. Garcia,

4 2013-NMCA-064, ¶ 27, 302 P.3d 111. "[F]or an abuse of discretion to be reversible,

5 the defendant must demonstrate prejudice.” Id.

6 {10} Based on the State's assertion that it was considering proceeding under a

7 theory that Victim had diminished mental capacity, Defendant filed a motion

8 requesting that the State provide him with Victim's mental health records. The

9 district court denied the motion. At trial, the State ultimately proceeded under a

10 theory that Defendant used "physical force or physical violence” in causing Victim

11 "to engage in anal intercourse[.]”

12 {11} We need not decide whether the district court erred in denying Defendant's

13 motion because Defendant fails to show that the denial prejudiced him. See State v.

14 Fernandez, 1994-NMCA-056, ¶ 13, 117 N.M. 673, 875 P.2d 1104 ("In the absence

15 of prejudice, there is no reversible error.”). Defendant asserts that "the State pursued

16 a mental incapacity theory alongside its physical force theory,” but fails to cite to

17 sufficient evidence in the record to substantiate this claim. See In re Ernesto M., Jr.,

18 1996-NMCA-039, ¶ 10, 121 N.M. 562, 915 P.2d 318 (holding that a mere "assertion

19 of prejudice is not a showing of prejudice”). 9

1 {12} We acknowledge that Victim stated on direct examination that another woman

2 assisted her with "making a budget” and that Victim "gets confused easily and

3 sometimes . . . doesn't understand things.” The State also mentioned that Victim was

4 "slower developmentally” during its opening statement, and in closing the State told

5 the jury, "You saw her on the stand, she has a woman come in and help her, . . . help

6 her to understand things, she gets confused easily. She's the perfect victim. She's

7 small, has a hard time understanding, and easy to manipulate” However, we do not

8 believe that these three oblique references to Defendant's ability to understand

9 prejudiced Defendant for several reasons. First, neither the State nor defense counsel

10 asked Victim any direct questions about her ability to understand or consent, nor did

11 counsel inquire regarding her mental incapacity. As Defendant admits, Victim

12 "never testified that she suffered from a mental incapacity, per se, just that she

13 sometimes had trouble understanding things and that she needed help around the

14 house.” Defendant also acknowledges that "the State offered no expert testimony

15 that [Victim] suffered from such an extreme mental incapacity that she met the

16 definition provided in Section 30-9-10(A)(4).” Finally and most importantly, the

17 jury was not even provided with the jury instruction related to mental incapacity.

18 Instead, the jury convicted Defendant on the only theory that the State presented,

19 and the only theory for which jury instructions were given: that "defendant caused

20 [Victim] to engage in anal intercourse through the use of physical force or physical 10

1 violence[.]” Because Defendant fails to show that he was prejudiced by the district

2 court's denial of his motion, we hold there was no reversible error in denying

3 Defendant's request for Victim's medical and psychological records.

4 III. Jury Instructions

5 {13} Defendant makestwo arguments with respect to whether the jury was properly

6 instructed. First, he contends that even though the State pursued a physical force

7 theory, the evidence supported a theory that Victim suffered from mental incapacity

8 that rendered her incapable of consenting and therefore, Defendant was entitled to

9 have the jury instructed on Victim's mental capacity. Second, Defendant contends

10 that the district court committed fundamental error by failing to properly instruct the

11 jury on unlawfulness. We address each in turn.

12 A. Instruction on Mental Incapacity

13 {14} According to Defendant, the elements instruction for CSP, UJI 14-944

14 NMRA, should have included an alternative for mental capacity. Specifically,

15 Defendant contends that the jury should have been instructed that [Victim] "was

16 suffering from a mental condition so as to be incapable of understanding the nature

17 or consequences of what . . . [D]efendant was doing; AND [Defendant] knew or had

18 reason to know of the condition of [Victim.]” UJI 14-944.

19 {15} Because Defendant preserved his argument below, we review whether the

20 district court's failure to instruct the jury on mental capacity was reversible error.11

1 State v. Benally, 2001-NMSC-033, ¶ 12, 131 N.M. 258, 34 P.3d 1134. "If the error

2 has been preserved we review the instructions for reversible error . . . and seek to

3 determine whether a reasonable juror would have been confused or misdirected by

4 the jury instruction.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). "The

5 propriety of denying a jury instruction is a mixed question of law and fact that we

6 review de novo.” State v. Cooper, 1999-NMCA-159, ¶ 7, 128 N.M. 428, 993 P.2d

7 745.

8 {16} "The State, through its prosecutors, has broad discretion in determining what

9 charges to bring and whom to prosecute.” State v. Estrada, 2001-NMCA-034, ¶ 10,

10 130 N.M. 358, 24 P.3d 793; State v. Ware, 1993-NMCA-041, ¶ 8, 115 N.M. 339,

11 850 P.2d 1042 (stating "[t]he [s]tate has wide discretion to dismiss criminal charges,

12 and absent an abuse of that discretion, the [district] court will not exercise its control

13 over the movements of a given case”); see also4 Wayne R. La Fave et al., Criminal

14 Procedure § 13.2(a) (4th ed. 2020) ("The notion that the prosecuting attorney is

15 vested with a broad range of discretion in deciding when to prosecute and when not

16 to is firmly entrenched in American law.”).

17 {17} Defendant provides a brief argument, citing almost no authority, asserting that

18 the jury should have been instructed on mental incapacity. Defendant alleges that

19 "the State actually contended that [Victim] suffered from a mental incapacity that

20 rendered her unable to consent.” Defendant argues that "[a]t all points in this case, 12

1 up until the end when the State suddenly announced that they were proceeding under

2 a physical force theory, the State's theory pointed toward [Victim's] mental

3 incapacity.” However, Defendant solely directs our attention to a statement in the

4 State's closing argument whereby the State argued, "You saw her on the stand, she

5 has a woman come in and help her, . . . help her understand things, she gets confused

6 easily. She's the perfect victim. She's small, has a hard time understanding, and easy

7 to manipulate.” Defendant failed to object to this statement during the trial, and as

8 we previously noted, our review of the record indicates that the State chose to

9 proceed under a theory of physical force, and made only passing references to

10 Victim's ability to understand. Defendant fails to direct our attention to any legal

11 authority standing for the proposition that a defendant may dictate which theory the

12 State may proceed on at trial, nor does Defendant cite any authority that a Defendant

13 may request a jury instruction that is inconsistent with the theory ultimately

14 presented by the State. We conclude that the jury was not confused by the district

15 court's refusal to issue the requested instruction on mental capacity, and accordingly,

16 hold that the district court did not err in denying Defendant's request.

17 B. Unlawfulness Instruction

18 {18} Finally, Defendant argues that the jury was not properly instructed on

19 unlawfulness pursuant to UJI 14-132 because the district court gave two possible 13

1 alternatives, when only one of the alternatives should have been given. Defendant

2 claims this was contrary to the Use Notes for UJI 14-132. We are unpersuaded.

3 {19} Defendant failed to preserve this argument for appeal, and so we review for

4 fundamental error. See Benally, 2001-NMSC-033, ¶ 12. "Under [fundamental error]

5 we seek to determine whether a reasonable juror would have been confused or misled

6 by the instruction.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Assuming

7 there was error, we then "review the entire record, placing the jury instructions in

8 the context of the individual facts and circumstances of the case, to determine

9 whether the [d]efendant's conviction was the result of a plain miscarriage of justice.”

10 State v. Barber, 2004-NMSC-019, ¶ 19, 135 N.M. 621, 92 P.3d 633 (internal citation

11 omitted).

12 {20} The district court instructed the jury in accordance with the Use Notes and

13 precisely as Defendant is requesting on appeal. The jury was instructed that "[f]or

14 the act to have been unlawful, it must have been done without consent and with the

15 intent to arouse or gratify sexual desire.” UJI 14-132. The jury was only given one

16 alternative in accordance with the UJI 14-132, use note 3, which provide that if the

17 language "without consent and” is used, as it was here, then "one of the three

18 alternative that follows must be given.” UJI 14-132, use note 3. The use notes further

19 clarify when the district court should instruct the jury using multiple alternatives,

20 which is when the language "without consent and” is omitted from the instruction.14

1 UJI 14-132, use note 3. The district court recognized that only one alternative should

2 be given with the bracketed language, and the instruction was edited so that only one

3 alternative was presented to the jury. We hold that there was no error in the

4 unlawfulness instruction, as it was given in accordance with UJI 14-132, use note 3.

We affirm.