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On February 27, 2015, the State charged Sparks with two counts of Level 4

felony dealing in a narcotic drug. Sparks later pleaded guilty to one count of

Level 4 felony dealing in a narcotic drug, and, in exchange, the State dismissed

the other charge. On February 12, 2016, the trial court sentenced Sparks to six

years, with two years executed and four years suspended to probation. Sparks

was released from incarceration and began his probation in July 2016.

[3] Just over a year later, on August 1, 2017, the State filed a petition alleging that

Sparks had violated the terms of his probation. Sparks admitted to the

allegations on January 8, 2018, and the trial court revoked six months of the

previously suspended sentence and ordered Sparks to serve that six months on

home detention, then return to probation.

[4] On January 31, 2019, the State filed its second petition alleging that Sparks had

violated the terms of his probation. Sparks again admitted to the allegations,

and on August 19, 2019, the trial court ordered Sparks to serve twenty days in

jail, followed by more probation.

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[5] On February 13, 2020, the State filed its third petition alleging that Sparks had

violated the terms of his probation. This petition alleged that Sparks had been

charged with disorderly conduct and admitted to his probation officer that he

had used methamphetamine, fentanyl, and ecstasy in the prior two months. The

trial court held an initial hearing on March 2, 2020, at which the trial court

advised several defendants of their rights as follows:

You have the right to be represented by an attorney at every

critical stage of your case, which includes everything from plea

negotiations, to trial and to an appeal. You have the right to hire

your own attorney. If you choose to hire your own attorney, you

must do so within twenty days, if you’ve been charged with a

felony, or ten days from today, if you’ve been charged only with

one or more misdemeanors. If you cannot afford an attorney, the

Court may appoint one for you, if you qualify as being truly

indigent. However, you do have the right to proceed on your

own and without an attorney. If you choose to proceed on your own

and without an attorney, you are advised that attorneys have education,

training and experience in plea negotiations, they’re better able to identify

and evaluate potential defenses and evidentiary or procedure[al] issues

that may exist in your case. . . .

If the State has filed a petition to revoke your probation and or

community corrections supervision, your rights are the same with

the following exceptions[:]

“You have the right to a trial to the court and not to a jury. Next,

the State must prove the allegations in your petition by a

preponderance of the evidence[,] not beyond a reasonable doubt

because your case is civil in nature and not criminal. And the

other difference is . . . you do not have the right to remain silent

at your trial because your case is civil and not criminal, and the

State could potentially call you as a witness to testify against

yourself.”

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-CR-986 | September 17, 2020 Page 4 of 11

Tr. pp. 4–5 (emphasis added).

[6] The court then addressed Sparks individually, advising him of the nature of the

allegations in the petition and informing him that, if the court found that he

violated the terms of his probation, “you have three years and one hundred

sixty days of revocable time that could be served at the Indiana Department of

Corrections.” Id. at 7. Sparks informed the court that he understood. The

following colloquy then ensued:

THE COURT: Do you wish to admit or deny the

allegation today?

THE DEFENDANT: I wish to plead guilty, your Honor.

[Sparks placed under oath]

THE COURT: . . . Has anyone forced you, in any way,

to admit that you violated your

probation?

THE DEFENDANT: No, your Honor.

THE COURT: Do you understand all of your rights?

THE DEFENDANT: Yes, your Honor.

THE COURT: Including the right to be represented by

an attorney?

THE DEFENDANT: Yes, your Honor.

THE COURT: Do you wish to go forward without an

attorney today?

THE DEFENDANT: Yes, your Honor.

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THE COURT: And you understand the amount of

time that is revocable?

THE DEFENDANT: Yes, your Honor.

THE COURT: Three years plus one hundred and sixty

days?

THE DEFENDANT: Yes, your Honor.

THE COURT: And, again, no one has forced you, in

any way, to admit that you violated

your probation?

THE DEFENDANT: No, your Honor.

THE COURT: And are you under the influence of any

alcohol, drugs or prescribed

medication?

THE DEFENDANT: No, your Honor.

THE COURT: Does the State have any questions?

THE STATE: No. No, Judge.

THE COURT: Jeff, do you now admit that you

violated your probation?

THE DEFENDANT: Yes, your Honor.

THE COURT: The Court will accept your admission

and the Court will enter judgment that

you violated your probation. . . .

Id. at 7–8.

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[7] After hearing arguments by both the State and Sparks regarding the sanction to

be imposed, the trial court stated:

Because this is your third violation, Jeff, I am going to revoke

two years of the previously suspended sentence. Once that two

year period is served, you will remain on probation as desired

and will get you back into services. Until then, you will spend,

uh, two years, do one, at the Indiana Department of Correction[]

to serve your third violation. Uh, I could revoke the entire time.

In fact, uh, I probably should since this is the third violation, uh,

but I’m not going to. I’m going to keep you, back on probation

for the last one year and one hundred and sixty days of the

suspended sentence.

Id. at 12. Sparks now appeals.

Applicable Law and Standard of Review

[8] We have repeatedly noted that probation is a favor granted by the State, not a

right to which a defendant is entitled. Butler v. State, 951 N.E.2d 255, 259 (Ind.

Ct. App. 2011) (citing Cooper v. State, 900 N.E.2d 64, 66 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009)).

Thus, a probationer facing a petition to revoke his probation is not entitled to

the full panoply of rights he enjoyed before his conviction. Id. For instance, the

rules of evidence do not apply in a revocation proceeding, and the State need

prove an alleged violation of probation only by a preponderance of the

evidence. Id. Still, a probationer is entitled to certain due process protections

before his probation may be revoked. Id. Among these rights is the right to

counsel. Id. (citing Ind. Code § 35-38-2-3(f) (providing that a probationer is

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-CR-986 | September 17, 2020 Page 7 of 11

entitled to the rights of “confrontation, cross-examination, and representation

by counsel” at a revocation hearing)).

[9] When a probationer proceeds without the benefit of counsel, the record must

indicate that he knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily waived his right to

counsel. Id. (citing Cooper, 900 N.E.2d at 66). That is, the trial court must

determine the defendant’s competency to represent himself and establish a

record of the waiver. Id. There are no “magic words” a judge must say to

ensure a defendant adequately appreciates the nature of the situation. Id. (citing

Kubsch v. State, 866 N.E.2d 726, 736 (Ind. 2007)). Instead, determining if a

probationer’s waiver was knowing and intelligent “depends on the particular

facts and circumstances surrounding the case, including the background,

experience, and conduct of the accused.” Id. (quoting Kubsch, 866 N.E.2d at

736).

[10] When a probationer proceeds pro se and chooses to admit rather than to

challenge his alleged probation violation, his knowing, intelligent, and

voluntary waiver of counsel may be established even if the record does not

show that he was warned of the pitfalls of self-representation. Id. (citing Greer v.

State, 690 N.E.2d 1214, 1217 (Ind. Ct. App. 1998), trans. denied)

1

. “[W]hen a

1 Our supreme court’s original opinion in Hopper v. State, 934 N.E.2d 1086, 1088 (Ind. 2010) (“Hopper I ”),

arguably abrogated Greer by requiring, without carving out exceptions for admissions to allegations of

probation violations, that “in the future a defendant expressing a desire to proceed without counsel is to be

advised of the dangers of going to trial . . . and also be informed that an attorney is usually more experienced

in plea negotiations and better able to identify and evaluate any potential defenses and evidentiary or

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-CR-986 | September 17, 2020 Page 8 of 11

pro se probationer in a revocation proceeding chooses to admit his alleged

probation violation, the trial court is not required to warn him of the dangers of

self-representation because he will not be going to trial” and is not in danger of

“conviction” at the hands of the state. Id. at 260.

[11] Our review of a trial court’s ruling that a defendant waived his right to counsel

is de novo. Id. (citing Cooper, 900 N.E.2d at 67).

Discussion and Decision

[12] Sparks claims that the trial court failed to specifically advise him regarding his

right to counsel and the consequences of waiving that right. He therefore argues

that he did not knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily waive his right to

counsel. We disagree.

[13] The trial court gave an advisement of rights to a number of people, including

Sparks, that specifically informed him of his right to counsel and that an

attorney would be appointed for him if he could not afford to hire one.2 And

even though it was not required to do so, the trial court informed Sparks that an

procedural problems in the prosecution’s case.” See Hammerlund v. State, 967 N.E.2d 525, 528 (Ind. Ct. App.

2012). However, “[o]n rehearing, [] the Indiana Supreme Court adopted a more flexible, case-specific

approach to such matters and cited Greer and other cases with approval, saying that ‘[t]hese cases and others

like them may serve as helpful comparative guideposts to trial and appellate courts.’” Id. (quoting Hopper v.

State, 957 N.E.2d 613, 619 (Ind. 2011) (“Hopper II”). We therefore concluded that “Greer, while perhaps once

abrogated, is again good law and may serve as guidance to trial courts and practitioners.” Id.

2

Sparks’s argument that he may have not listened to or understand the en masse advisement is mere

speculation. Sparks admits he was present during the advisement, and there is no indication that Sparks is

unable to hear and understand the English language. To the contrary, Sparks spoke clearly and intelligently

with the trial court.

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attorney has education and experience that would be helpful in identifying

defenses, evidentiary and procedural issues, and in negotiating a plea agreement

with the State. The trial court also individually questioned Sparks to ensure that

he understood his rights (including his right to counsel), that Sparks was not

under the influence of any intoxicating substances, and that he was not being

coerced. And the trial court informed Sparks of the potential sanctions he faced

if he admitted to violating his probation. Still, Sparks indicated that he wished

to proceed pro se and admit the violations.

[14] Under similar facts and circumstances, we have previously held that a

probationer knowingly waived his right to counsel. See Butler, 951 N.E.2d at

261 (holding that probationer knowingly waived his right to counsel where the

trial court told him that he had a right to an attorney, that one would be

appointed for him if he could not afford an attorney, and trial court confirmed

that probationer wanted to proceed without an attorney and admit to the

violation); Cooper, 900 N.E.2d at 70 (holding that defendant knowingly waived

his right to counsel at probation hearing where the court clearly set out the

alleged violations and the potential sanctions, informed the probationer of his

right to an attorney, inquired into probationer’s background, ensured that he

was under no coercion or other undue influence, and probationer stated that he

did not need an attorney); Greer, 690 N.E.2d at 1217 (holding that defendant

knowingly waived his right to counsel at probation hearing where the trial court

advised him of his right to counsel, that one would be appointed for him if he

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could not afford to hire private counsel, and warned him of the consequences

that might result if he admitted to the alleged violations).

[15] Furthermore, Sparks is not unfamiliar with the criminal justice system. In this

case alone, he was charged, pleaded guilty, and participated in two prior

probation revocation hearings. Additionally, the pre-sentence investigation

report reveals that Sparks has an extensive criminal history consisting of at least

nine prior convictions. See Butler, 951 N.E.2d at 261 (noting probationer’s

extensive experience with the criminal justice system as supporting its

conclusion that he knowingly waived his right to counsel).

[16] Sparks’s citation to Eaton v. State, 894 N.E.2d 213, 217 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008),

trans. denied, is unavailing, as that case is readily distinguishable. In Eaton, the

trial court asked the probationer if he wanted to hire private counsel or have a

public defender appointed. Eaton replied that he was indigent and “if I did have

an attorney it would have to be an appointed one.” Id. Without pursuing the

matter any further, the trial court then asked Eaton if he wished to admit or

deny the allegations, and the issue of counsel was not brought up again. Under

these facts, we held that “Eaton’s statement falls short of expressing an

unequivocal desire to proceed without counsel. Indeed, it seems to be more a

request for counsel than a refusal, even if an equivocal one.” Id.

[17] The facts of this case are very different from those in Eaton: here, the trial court

advised Sparks of his right to counsel, that one would be appointed if he could

not afford counsel, the advantages of having counsel, and the consequences of

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revocation. Still, Sparks indicated his desire to proceed without counsel. Eaton

is therefore not controlling.

The trial court properly advised Sparks of his right to counsel, the advantages of

representation by counsel, and the consequences of admitting to the violations

and further ensured that Sparks was not under the influence of any substances

or subject to coercion. Sparks also had experience in the criminal justice system.

Still, Sparks indicated his desire to proceed without an attorney. We therefore

conclude that Sparks knowingly and intelligently waived his right to counsel,

and we affirm the judgment of the trial court.



Affirmed.