Zachary Paul Collins v. State of Indiana

Lafayette, IN - Criminal defense lawyer represented defendant Zachary Paul Collins with appealing his convictions for Level 6 felony domestic battery and Class A misdemeanor invasion of privacy.

The evidence most favorable to Collins’s convictions is as follows. On January

20 of this year, Collins approached Valentina Barron, whom he had previously

dated for six to eight months, as she was getting in her car outside her

apartment. Collins stood in front of the car so Barron could not leave and then

got into the passenger seat. Inside the car, Collins yelled at Barron, “grabbed”

her arm and face, pulled her hair, and “punched” her face. Tr. pp. 84, 97.

Barron was eventually able to get out of her car, get back into her apartment,

and call police.

[3] The State charged Collins with Level 6 felony domestic battery, elevated from a

Class A misdemeanor based on Collins having a prior conviction for battery.1

The trial court scheduled trial for March 5 and ordered Collins not to contact

Barron. While Collins was in jail awaiting trial, he sent Barron a letter

postmarked February 18, in violation of the no-contact order. The State learned

1 The State also charged Collins with domestic battery by bodily fluid or waste based on Barron’s claim that

Collins spit on her while they were in the car. Collins was found not guilty on that count at trial.

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about the letter on February 24 and the same day moved to add two counts

against Collins: Class A misdemeanor invasion of privacy (for violating the nocontact order) and Class A misdemeanor domestic battery (the charge

underlying the Level 6 felony charge). The trial court immediately granted the

State’s motion and directed “the Magistrate” to conduct an initial hearing on

the added counts on February 25. Appellant’s App. Vol. II p. 45. According to

the chronological case summary, no such hearing was held.

[4] Collins did not object to the addition of the new counts or ask for trial to be

continued, and a jury trial proceeded as scheduled on March 5. The trial was

bifurcated, with the misdemeanor charges to be tried in the first phase and the

prior-conviction enhancement to be tried, if necessary, in the second phase. The

jury found Collins guilty on the misdemeanor charges. Collins then waived his

right to a trial on the prior-conviction enhancement and admitted to having a

prior conviction for battery, resulting in a guilty finding for Level 6 felony

domestic battery. The trial court “merge[d]” the misdemeanor domestic-battery

count with the felony domestic-battery count and entered convictions only for

Level 6 felony domestic battery and Class A misdemeanor invasion of privacy.

Id. at 73. The court imposed a sentence of two years, with one year to serve and

one year suspended to probation.

[5] Collins now appeals.

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Discussion and Decision

I. Sufficiency of Evidence

[6] Collins first contends the evidence is insufficient to support his conviction for

Level 6 felony domestic battery. When reviewing sufficiency-of-the-evidence

claims, we neither reweigh the evidence nor judge the credibility of witnesses.

Willis v. State, 27 N.E.3d 1065, 1066 (Ind. 2015). We will only consider the

evidence supporting the verdict and any reasonable inferences that can be

drawn from the evidence. Id. A conviction will be affirmed if there is substantial

evidence of probative value to support each element of the offense such that a

reasonable trier of fact could have found the defendant guilty beyond a

reasonable doubt. Id.

[7] To convict Collins of Level 6 felony domestic battery, the State had to prove

beyond a reasonable doubt that Collins knowingly or intentionally touched a

family or household member in a rude, insolent, or angry manner and that he

had a previous, unrelated conviction for battery. Ind. Code § 35-42-2-1.3(a)(1),

(b)(1)(A); Appellant’s App. Vol. II p. 11. Collins does not dispute that Barron

was a family or household member or that he had a prior conviction for

battery.

2 Nor does he dispute that he touched Barron. He only argues he did not

touch her knowingly or intentionally in a rude, insolent, or angry manner.

2 Regarding the “family or household member” element, Collins was not married or related to Barron, and

there is no evidence that the two were living together. However, an individual is considered a “family or

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[8] In support of his argument, Collins cites two pieces of Barron’s testimony.

When Barron testified that Collins grabbed her arm, she said, “I don’t know if

he was grabbing for my keys[.]” Tr. p. 84. Regarding Collins striking her face,

Barron had the following exchange with defense counsel:

Q: Is he leaning in the seat, how does he, how does he reach

you?

A: Like, I don’t know, when he came into the car he was

grabbing for something and then when he sat down, I

don’t know, that’s when he got, his hand struck, struck my

cheek.

Q: So you think that he just in getting in the car, trying to get

in the car that he brushed against you?

A: Yeah, I don’t think he intentionally went to---

Id. at 96-97. There are three problems with Collins’s argument. First, to the

extent Barron testified Collins accidentally grabbed her arm and struck her face,

the jury did not have to accept that part of her testimony. Second, even if

Collins did not “intentionally” strike Barron’s face, the evidence still supports a

conclusion he did so “knowingly,” i.e., that he was aware of a high probability

he was doing so. See Ind. Code § 35-41-2-2(b). Third, and most important, aside

from striking Barron’s face and grabbing her arm, there is also evidence he

household member” of another person if the individual “is dating or has dated the other person.” Ind. Code §

35-31.5-2-128(a)(2). Here, it is undisputed Collins and Barron had dated.

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grabbed her face and pulled her hair. Collins makes no claim he did those

things accidentally. The evidence is more than sufficient to support Collins’s

conviction.

II. Double Jeopardy

[9] Next, Collins contends his “conviction” for Class A misdemeanor domestic

battery “should be vacated to avoid a double jeopardy violation.” Appellant’s

Br. p. 11. But the trial court did not enter a conviction for Class A misdemeanor

domestic battery. After the jury found Collins guilty of that charge, Collins

admitted to having a prior conviction for battery, resulting in a guilty finding for

Level 6 felony domestic battery. The trial court “merge[d]” the misdemeanor

count with the felony count and entered convictions only for Level 6 felony

domestic battery and Class A misdemeanor invasion of privacy. The jury’s

guilty verdict on the charge of Class A misdemeanor domestic battery, without

more, does not constitute a “conviction” on that charge. See Carter v. State, 750

N.E.2d 778, 781 (Ind. 2001) (explaining that “a jury verdict on which the court

did not enter judgment for one reason or another (merger, double jeopardy,

etc.) is unproblematic”).

III. Amended Information

[10] Collins also argues the trial court erred by failing to hold a hearing on the

State’s motion to add the misdemeanor counts and, after granting that motion,

failing to hold an initial hearing on the added counts. He acknowledges he did

not raise either issue in the trial court, and he did not object to the addition of

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the new charges or, after the court allowed the amendment, ask for trial to be

continued. This would normally constitute waiver of the issues for appeal. Ryan

v. State, 9 N.E.3d 663, 667 (Ind. 2014), reh’g denied. However, Collins asserts the

trial court’s failure to hold the hearings was fundamental error. “Fundamental

error is an extremely narrow exception to the waiver rule where the defendant

faces the heavy burden of showing that the alleged errors are so prejudicial to

the defendant’s rights as to make a fair trial impossible.” Id. at 668. To establish

fundamental error, the defendant must show that, under the circumstances, the

trial judge erred in not sua sponte raising the issue because the alleged error

constituted a clearly blatant violation of basic and elementary principles of due

process and presented an undeniable and substantial potential for harm. Id. In

evaluating a claim of fundamental error, our task is to look at the alleged error

in the context of all that happened and all relevant information given to the

jury—including evidence admitted at trial, closing argument, and jury

instructions—to determine whether the alleged error had such an undeniable

and substantial effect on the jury’s decision that a fair trial was impossible. Id.

[11] While Collins invokes the fundamental-error doctrine, he fails to explain how

the lack of hearings made a fair trial impossible. He contends his “substantial

rights were affected and resulted in prejudice because the amendment occurred

only ten (10) days before trial” and he “did not have a reasonable opportunity

to prepare for and defend against the added charges.” Appellant’s Br. p. 13.

However, he offers no specifics. We know he was not prejudiced by the

addition of the Class A misdemeanor domestic-battery charge, since that charge

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was merely the predicate for the original Level 6 felony charge. Regarding the

invasion-of-privacy charge, Collins does not tell us what objection(s) he would

have or could have made at either hearing, nor does he tell us what he would

have or could have done with more time to prepare for trial on that charge. As

such, he has not satisfied his “heavy burden” of establishing fundamental error

on these issues.

IV. Sleeping Juror

[12] During Barron’s testimony, the prosecutor noticed a juror was sleeping. The

trial court took a break and questioned the juror, who admitted he had missed

testimony. The court, with the agreement of the parties, replaced that juror with

an alternate juror. Collins now argues his convictions should be reversed

because the trial court did not (1) explain to the remaining jurors why the other

juror had been excused, (2) “admonish the jury to not speculate as to the cause

of the juror’s excusal,” or (3) question the alternate juror “to determine if

he/she was alert and paying attention up to the point of the other juror’s

dismissal.” Appellant’s Br. p. 15. He acknowledges he did not ask the trial court

to do any of these things but argues the court’s failure to do them constituted

fundamental error. We disagree.

[13] Collins bases his argument on Gridley v. State, 121 N.E.3d 1071 (Ind. Ct. App.

2019), trans. denied. There, in holding that the trial court did not abuse its

discretion by replacing a sleeping juror, we noted the court “explained to the

remaining jurors the reason for the dismissal” and that “the alternate juror was

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present and, presumably, awake up to the point of this juror’s dismissal[.]” Id.

at 1076. However, at no point did we hold that a trial court is required, any

time it replaces a juror, to explain its decision to the remaining jurors or to ask

the alternate juror if they had been alert and paying attention.

[14] In any event, to establish fundamental error, Collins must show that the trial

court’s alleged error “had such an undeniable and substantial effect on the

jury’s decision that a fair trial was impossible.” Ryan, 9 N.E.3d at 668. He has

not done so. He cites nothing in the record suggesting that the remaining jurors

speculated as to the cause of the dismissal, that the alternate juror was not

paying attention before being called to service, or that the dismissal otherwise

affected the jury’s deliberations. Collins has not established fundamental error

Affirmed.