STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA v. JEREMY JACOB GOODSHOT

On the morning of August 13, 2015, Kenny Maldonado-Molina was

awakened by his dog barking outside, and he left his house with a handgun to

investigate. He observed a man, later identified as Goodshot, holding a machete

over his head. Because Goodshot walked towards Maldonado-Molina in a

threatening manner, Maldonado-Molina displayed the gun and warned Goodshot to

stay back. When Goodshot kept advancing, Maldonado-Molina fired two shots at

the ground. Goodshot fled the scene in a vehicle, and Maldonado-Molina had his

girlfriend call 911.

[¶3.] Responding police officers observed that a lug nut had been removed

from a tire on one of Maldonado-Molina’s vehicles, two bullet marks on the ground

consistent with gunshots, and a trail of blood that led into the alley and abruptly

stopped. The officers suspected that one of the gunshots had ricocheted and struck

Goodshot.

[¶4.] While the officers were still questioning Maldonado-Molina, law

enforcement received a report of a roll-over accident at a not-too-distant location.

Witnesses reported that the driver ignored their offers for help and ran off while

talking on a cell phone. One unknown witness reported that the driver may have

possessed a gun. After arriving at the accident scene, officers found a machete, two

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tire irons, and a credit card with Goodshot’s name inside the vehicle. They also

observed blood inside the vehicle and a trail of blood leading away from the vehicle.

They further learned that the vehicle was owned by Goodshot’s girlfriend.

[¶5.] Goodshot immediately became the suspect in both incidents. Because

law enforcement had received the report that Goodshot might be armed, a S.W.A.T.

team was deployed to apprehend him. Goodshot was eventually found a short

distance from where the S.W.A.T. team was searching. He was leaning against a

fence with a string tourniquet on his leg.

[¶6.] Later that evening, Debra Cummings, who lived in the area where

Goodshot was apprehended, returned home and discovered that her house had been

broken into. Her door was open, and she found a bloody dishcloth from her kitchen

sink in a bedroom. She observed blood stains in several rooms throughout her

house. She also found a glass with bloody handprints on her kitchen counter and a

bloody fingerprint on a partially consumed bottle of soda inside her refrigerator.

Subsequent fingerprint and DNA analysis matched the fingerprints and blood with

Goodshot.

[¶7.] On August 27, 2015, Goodshot was indicted for four offenses—

aggravated assault, tampering with a motor vehicle, hit and run, and driving

without a valid license—arising out of the incident at Maldonado-Molina’s home

and subsequent automobile accident . On December 16, 2015, Goodshot was

indicted for second degree burglary arising out of the entry of Cummings’s home.1

1. It appears that the State waited to obtain the burglary indictment until after forensic testing was complete.

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[¶8.] Shortly after returning the second indictment, the State moved to join

both indictments for trial. Over Goodshot’s objection, the court granted the motion

because the “two indictments were of the same or similar character,” the “charges

occurred close in time, location, and manner,” and the “alleged factual scenario

[was] a common scheme or plan as it was all part of the res gestae of the course of

events.” The court further ruled that joinder would not “unduly prejudice”

Goodshot and that “there were no overlapping elements that would prejudice”

Goodshot.

[¶9.] Before trial, Goodshot filed a motion in limine to prevent the State

from admitting evidence of the report that Goodshot may have possessed a gun

after fleeing the vehicle. The circuit court denied the motion because the evidence

was proffered only to explain why the S.W.A.T. team was deployed. After a four

day jury trial, Goodshot was convicted of all offenses. He appeals, arguing that the

circuit court erred in joining the indictments and admitting evidence of the

unknown bystander’s report.

Decision

[¶10.] Goodshot first argues that joinder violated his constitutional right to a

fair trial because joinder was improper and prejudicial. “A court may order two or

more indictments . . . to be tried together if the offenses . . . could have been joined

in a single indictment . . . .” SDCL 23A-11-1. “Two or more offenses may be

charged in the same indictment . . . if the offenses charged . . . are based on . . . two

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or more acts or transactions connected together . . . .” SDCL 23A-6-23.2 “A circuit

court’s decision to join charges is reviewed under an abuse of discretion standard.”

State v. Waugh, 2011 S.D. 71, ¶ 11, 805 N.W.2d 480, 483.

[¶11.] Here, all of the charged offenses arose out of a connected series of

events. Goodshot first attempted to remove tire rims from Maldonado-Molina’s

vehicle by removing a lug nut (tampering with a motor vehicle). This led to the

confrontation with Maldonado-Molina (aggravated assault). Goodshot was wounded

in the confrontation and fled the scene in a vehicle (driving without a license).

While fleeing, he caused an accident and left the scene (hit and run). He then broke

into Cummings’s home, stole some property, and damaged her property in an

apparent attempt to treat wounds sustained in the confrontation (burglary).

Because all of the offenses were connected, they could have been joined in one

indictment, and joinder of the indictments was proper. See SDCL 23A-6-23; cf.

State v. Bradley, 2010 S.D. 40, ¶ 7, 782 N.W.2d 674, 677.

[¶12.] When joinder is proper under SDCL 23A-6-23, “the burden of proof

falls to the party opposing joinder to establish sufficient prejudice to justify

severance of the joined counts.” Waugh, 2011 S.D. 71, ¶ 13, 805 N.W.2d at 483. “A

showing of prejudice requires more than a showing of a better chance of acquittal at

a separate trial.” Id. ¶ 13, 805 N.W.2d at 484. The requisite showing of prejudice is 2. SDCL 23A-6-23 provides: Two or more offenses may be charged in the same indictment or information in separate counts for each offense, if the offenses charged, whether felonies or misdemeanors or both, are of the same or similar character or are based on the same act or transaction or on two or more acts or transactions connected together or constituting parts of a common scheme or plan.

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high in order “to offset the purpose of joinder, judicial efficiency.” Id. “[W]hen

evidence of one crime is admissible in the trial of another crime, . . . there is no

prejudice in trying the two charges at the same time.” Id. ¶ 14.

[¶13.] Goodshot fails to make a sufficient showing of prejudice. He merely

alleges that the additional burglary charge portrayed him as a “bad person” and

that joinder “diminished [his] ability to effectively raise separate defenses to each

charge in the same case.” However, joinder always involves some prejudice, as “a

jury is likely to feel that a defendant charged with several crimes must be a bad

individual who has done something wrong.” Id. ¶ 13, 805 N.W.2d at 483-84.

Moreover, Goodshot has failed to identify what his defenses were or explain how

joinder diminished his ability to raise them. Finally, evidence of the offenses

charged in the first indictment would have been admissible as res gestae or other

acts evidence in a trial on the burglary indictment to explain the circumstances of

the burglary. See State v. Dowty, 2013 S.D. 72, ¶ 32, 838 N.W.2d 820, 830-31; State

v. Stark, 2011 S.D. 46, ¶ 25, 802 N.W.2d 165, 173 (“The res gestae exception [to

SDCL 19-19-404(b)] permits the admission of evidence that is ‘so blended or

connected’ in that it ‘explains the circumstances; or tends logically to prove any

element of the crime charged.’” (quoting State v. Wright, 2009 S.D. 51, ¶ 55,

768 N.W.2d 512, 531)). Because joinder was proper and Goodshot failed to make a

sufficient showing of prejudice,3 the circuit court did not abuse its discretion in

joining the indictments.

3. Goodshot also claims that the circuit court utilized the wrong test in determining whether he was prejudiced because it reasoned that none of the (continued . . .)

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[¶14.] Goodshot next argues that the circuit court erred in admitting evidence

of the unknown bystander’s report that Goodshot may have possessed a gun. He

contends that the evidence was irrelevant, inadmissible hearsay that was unduly

prejudicial. The court ruled that the evidence was not hearsay because it was not

being offered to prove the truth of the matter asserted. The court further ruled that

the evidence was relevant and not prejudicial. “A trial court’s evidentiary rulings

are presumed to be correct and are reviewed under the abuse of discretion

standard.” State v. Hannemann, 2012 S.D. 79, ¶ 19, 823 N.W.2d 357, 362. he circuit court did not abuse its discretion in admitting evidence of the bystander report. First, the evidence was not admitted to prove that Goodshot possessed a gun. The evidence was introduced only to explain why a S.W.A.T. team was deployed to find and apprehend Goodshot. Because the evidence was relevant and was not introduced to prove the truth of the matter asserted, it was not hearsay. Second, the probative value of the evidence was not substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. See SDCL 19-19-403. The State did not allege that Goodshot possessed a gun. On the contrary, several of the State’s witnesses testified that Goodshot never possessed a gun. Therefore, there was no

prejudice because the jury was well aware that Goodshot did not possess a gun.