DUZUAN LESTER v. KEITH ROBERTS, Detective, in his individual capacity; LOUISVILLE METRO GOVERNMENT

Cincinnati, Ohio - Criminal defense lawyer represented defendant with a murder and robbery charge.

Around 7:00 p.m. on August 25, 2007, Dominic Hudson was shot and killed in his

Louisville apartment. Detective Roberts, who worked for the police department's homicide unit,

No. 20-5011 Lester v. Roberts, et al. Page 3

arrived at the scene 40 minutes later. He interviewed the woman who had called 911 along with

her boyfriend. The woman told Roberts that she had called Hudson between 6:30 and 7:00 p.m.

about picking up CDs. When she and her boyfriend arrived at Hudson's apartment, the door was

not fully shut. Hudson also did not come to the door or answer his phone. They entered, saw his

body on the kitchen floor, and ran out to call 911.

Another detective walked to a nearby BP gas station to interview Charles Evans. Evans

explained that around 7:00 p.m. he saw two men "run from around the west side of his building

and continue running past the west side of the apartment office and east bound towards” the

street with the BP. Evans believed that one of the men was a person he knew as "Ray Ray.” He

described Ray Ray as an African American in his "early 20s” with a "thin build.” Evans recalled

that this man "had to keep stopping while he was running because he lost his shoe.” He

described the other man as an African American in his "mid 20s” with a "muscular build.” This

suspect was "wearing blue jean shorts and no shirt.”

The next day, Kristie Hart called the police because she had been at Hudson's apartment

right before the murder. Roberts interviewed her weeks later. Hart stated that Hudson had been

her friend and had regularly sold marijuana from his apartment. She visited his apartment

around 6:20 p.m. and planned to go out with Hudson and her cousin, Teresa Wise. Two young

African-American men stopped by shortly before Wise arrived. Hudson began to argue with one

of them about money. So Hart and Wise opted to leave around 6:50. Hart described the man

arguing with Hudson as chubby and wearing a black t-shirt and dark shorts. She described the

second man as thin and wearing a t-shirt with plaid shorts. Both men wore ball caps, but one of

them placed his hat on a desk. (A hat was recovered from the scene.)

Detective Roberts interviewed Wise a week later. Wise confirmed that she had left the

apartment at about 6:50 p.m. Yet she said she barely saw the men. When she left, one was

sitting in a computer chair. She recalled him having a "stocky” build and a brown t-shirt. The

other was standing against the wall and wearing a red hat. Wise could not make a positive

identification from a photo array but suggested that a picture of "William Charter” resembled

one of the men.

No. 20-5011 Lester v. Roberts, et al. Page 4

At some point, Detective Roberts identified the "Ray Ray” that Evans thought had been

fleeing from the scene as the "William Charter” who Wise said resembled one of the men in the

apartment. But Roberts concluded that Charter had not been involved after interviewing him and

finding him "forthcoming.”

In October 2007, the investigation instead turned to Eugene Baker and Duzuan Lester

(the plaintiff) when Roberts interviewed Susan Copass-Cheng. Copass-Cheng had been Baker's

girlfriend for years but had ended the relationship because of his abuse. She told Roberts that a

"distraught” Baker had called her days after the murder "in a panic” wanting to see her and their

child. When Copass-Cheng visited Baker, he told her: "I just needed to see you because I did

something that if somebody finds out, I will probably never be able to see you all again.” He

added: "If they catch me, I'm gonna go away for a long time.”

In her interview with Roberts, Copass-Cheng implicated Lester as the second man when

she described three separate conversations—one with a woman named "Jasmine” who was then

living with Baker, the next with Baker's sister, and the third with a friend. After Copass-Cheng

told Jasmine that she was scared, Jasmine responded that she need not worry about retaliation

because Baker had "finished it.” Jasmine also noted: "We haven't seen Dezuan since all that

stuff happened” and "He's scared to death.” Baker's sister told Copass-Cheng that she thought

"they hit a lick on a guy named Dominique” and described "Dominique” as a person who sold

Baker marijuana. (Copass-Cheng described "hitting a lick” as taking something "from

somebody that they're not supposed to have anyway,” such as "stolen property” or "illegal

drugs.”) Copass-Cheng then discussed with a friend what Jasmine and Baker's sister had told

her. The friend said: "Jasmine just told you that [Baker] was with Dezuan whenever he did

whatever he was supposed to do. [Baker's sister] just told you it was a guy named Dominique.

That's way too much coincidental stuff.” Copass-Cheng identified "Dezuan's” last name as

"Lester” and said she knew him from high school. She also told Roberts that Baker and Lester

were friends.

This interview led Detective Roberts to take various steps. He showed Hart (the victim's

friend who had visited his apartment) a photo array that included Baker's picture. Hart identified

Baker as one of the men at the apartment. Roberts also interviewed Baker and Lester. Baker

No. 20-5011 Lester v. Roberts, et al. Page 5

admitted to buying drugs from the victim, but quickly invoked his right to counsel. Lester

asserted that he did not know the victim, had never been to his apartment, and had nothing to do

with the murder. Lester admitted to being friends with Baker but claimed that he had not seen

Baker for a year apart from "doing music together” and running into him on the street.

Detective Roberts sought DNA testing for items at the murder scene, including the hat.

In May 2008, DNA on the hat came back "consistent with a mixture” from Lester, Baker, and an

unknown person. An "estimated one person per 6.3 thousand could be a contributor to this

mixture based on the relevant United States populations.”

After gathering this evidence, Roberts shared his file with a prosecutor. Although the

two believed that they had probable cause to indict Baker and Lester, they concluded that they

lacked enough evidence to convict.

B

The case went cold for years. In November 2012, Detective Roberts developed a new

lead. He interviewed Nikkia Sullivan, an inmate who had contacted the police years before

about the murder. Sullivan had dated Hudson (the victim) and had been best friends with

Jasmine (the woman living with Baker, whose last name Sullivan identified as "Williams”). She

told Detective Roberts that Jasmine Williams (hereinafter "Williams”) had told her months after

the murder that she had been driving when Baker went to Hudson's apartment and killed him.

According to Sullivan, Williams said "it was over money”: Baker wanted his drug clientele back

after they had switched to Hudson. Williams also said that another man had gone with Baker,

but Williams was unable to tell Sullivan his name. Separately, Sullivan told Detective Roberts

that she had repeatedly called Williams after the murder asking about Hudson's whereabouts.

Baker at some point took the phone, told Sullivan "I killed him,” and hung up.

Detective Roberts then interviewed Williams. Williams told him that, on the day of the

murder, she was with Baker, her baby, and a man named "Desean” in a silver Impala belonging

to "Desean's” girlfriend. Williams thought that they were going to Hudson's apartment to pick

up a phone. They parked at the nearby BP, and the two men walked across the street to Hudson's

apartment. But the men later came running back with "bandanas tied around their face[s]”

No. 20-5011 Lester v. Roberts, et al. Page 6

yelling "go—go—go!” Williams added that they had "weed and all this other shit,” including

money. "Desean” dropped Baker and Williams off at the home of Baker's cousin. There, Baker

confessed that he murdered Hudson, telling Williams that he "shot him in the back of the head”

and "when he fell he was . . . kinda shaking on the floor[.]” Williams thought that Baker

murdered Hudson because he had become the area's main drug dealer.

Williams knew Baker better than "Desean.” She could not recall "Desean's” last name

and pronounced his first name differently from how Lester pronounces his name (spelled Duzuan

and pronounced like the mustard). She had met "Desean” on only a few occasions when he

came to her apartment to rap with Baker. She also never saw him after the murder. But she

opined that Baker and "Desean” knew each other "very well” based on their interactions. When

shown a photo array, she identified Lester's picture as the "Desean” who had accompanied

Baker.

This time, the prosecution decided to indict Baker and Lester. In December 2012,

Roberts testified before a grand jury that Baker and Lester "were developed as suspects” during

his investigation. He indicated that the two traveled to Hudson's apartment, that Baker shot

Hudson, and that they took cash and suspected marijuana. The grand jury indicted the pair on,

among other charges, murder and robbery counts.

In early 2015, the prosecution tried Baker and Lester. At trial, Jasmine Williams

distanced herself from her photo identification of Lester as the "Desean” who had accompanied

Baker. She testified: "Honestly, um, that don't look like Duzuan.” Although the court denied

Lester's motion for judgment of acquittal, a prosecutor (who had not been involved before trial)

made an unusual request during closing: that the jury acquit Lester. The jury acquitted Lester

but did not reach a verdict for Baker. The prosecution retried Baker a year later. A second jury

convicted Baker of murder, robbery, tampering with evidence, and being a felon in possession of

a firearm.

C

Lester spent 20 months in jail and three months in home confinement on the criminal

charges. After his acquittal, he sued Roberts and the Louisville Metro Government in state court.

No. 20-5011 Lester v. Roberts, et al. Page 7

The defendants removed the suit to federal court. A magistrate judge recommended that the

district court grant them summary judgment. Lester v. Roberts, 2018 WL 8620745, at *11 (W.D.

Ky. Dec. 11, 2018). The district court adopted this recommendation. Lester v. Roberts, 2019

WL 1421755, at *1–4 (W.D. Ky. Mar. 29, 2019). Lester now appeals the district court's

summary-judgment decision as to his two malicious-prosecution claims against Detective

Roberts under the Fourth Amendment and Kentucky tort law. We review the decision de novo.

See Pineda v. Hamilton County, 977 F.3d 483, 489 (6th Cir. 2020).

II

A

Lester's federal malicious-prosecution claim alleges a violation of the Fourth

Amendment under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Yet neither the Constitution nor § 1983 uses the words

"malicious prosecution.” Perhaps unsurprisingly, then, our justification for this constitutional

claim has evolved over time. We once suggested that defendants had a substantive-due-process

right under the Fourteenth Amendment to be free from malicious prosecutions that "shock the

conscience.” See Henry v. Metro. Sewer Dist., 922 F.2d 332, 341 (6th Cir. 1990); Cale v.

Johnson, 861 F.2d 943, 949–50 (6th Cir. 1988). But the Supreme Court rejected our view in

Albright v. Oliver, 510 U.S. 266 (1994). A plurality explained that the "Framers considered the

matter of pretrial deprivations of liberty and drafted the Fourth Amendment to address it.” Id. at

274 (plurality opinion). The plurality, however, opted to leave open the question whether a

malicious-prosecution claim could be asserted under the Fourth Amendment. Id. at 275.

We have taken a winding path since Albright. Shortly after that decision, we continued

to follow our previous malicious-prosecution framework under the Fourteenth Amendment

simply by changing the "label” to the Fourth. See Spurlock v. Satterfield, 167 F.3d 995, 1006 &

n.19 (6th Cir. 1999). We soon recognized a textual problem: The Fourth Amendment regulates

seizures, so we held it does not "support a separate malicious prosecution claim independent of

the underlying illegal seizure.” Frantz v. Village of Bradford, 245 F.3d 869, 876 (6th Cir. 2001).

But Frantz's reading did not last long. We next held that Frantz conflicted with Spurlock, which

"obliged” us to "recognize a separate constitutionally cognizable claim of malicious prosecution

No. 20-5011 Lester v. Roberts, et al. Page 8

under the Fourth Amendment.” Thacker v. City of Columbus, 328 F.3d 244, 259 (6th Cir. 2003).

Since then, we have acknowledged that our old framework (with its shocks-the-conscience test)

does not fit the Fourth Amendment. We have thus changed the elements for a constitutional

malicious-prosecution claim. See Sykes v. Anderson, 625 F.3d 294, 308–09 (6th Cir. 2010).

Today, we require proof that: (1) the defendant "made, influenced, or participated in the decision

to prosecute”; (2) the government lacked probable cause; (3) the proceeding caused the plaintiff

to suffer a deprivation of liberty; and (4) the prosecution ended in the plaintiff's favor. See Jones

v. Clark County, 959 F.3d 748, 756 (6th Cir. 2020).

Our current status quo looks no more stable. We have called the malicious-prosecution

label an "unfortunate and confusing” "misnomer.” Sykes, 625 F.3d at 310; Howse v. Hodous,

953 F.3d 402, 408–09 (6th Cir. 2020). Consider the text: The Fourth Amendment protects "[t]he

right of the people to be secure in their persons . . . against unreasonable . . . seizures[.]” U.S.

Const. amend. IV. It bars certain kinds of seizures, not prosecutions. Tlapanco v. Elges,

969 F.3d 638, 658–59 (6th Cir. 2020) (Thapar, J., concurring). And it establishes an objective

reasonableness test, not a subjective maliciousness test. Id. Or consider precedent: The Supreme

Court has never adopted a malicious-prosecution claim since Albright. To the contrary, it has

avoided that name. See Manuel v. City of Joliet, 137 S. Ct. 911, 919–20 (2017). Manuel

considered a claim that the police used false evidence to charge and detain the plaintiff before

trial. Id. at 915. Highlighting the Fourth Amendment's text, the Court asked whether the police

had caused an "unreasonable” "seizure” of the plaintiff. Id. at 917. And it noted that the pretrial

detention qualifies as a "seizure.” Id. at 919–20. Like our earlier decision in Frantz, therefore,

Manuel suggests that we should focus on the seizure (Lester's two-year detention) rather than the

prosecution (Lester's criminal proceedings).

Regardless, this distinction between a seizure and a prosecution does not matter here.

Whether it should be called a "malicious-prosecution claim” or simply an "unreasonable-seizure

claim,” the claim has two universally applicable ground rules. As a matter of substance, the

Fourth Amendment prohibits only those pretrial seizures (or prosecutions) that lack probable

cause, and § 1983 grants qualified immunity to defendants who mistakenly but reasonably

conclude that probable cause exists. As a matter of procedure, the Fourth Amendment prohibits

No. 20-5011 Lester v. Roberts, et al. Page 9

extended pretrial detentions unless a neutral decisionmaker finds that probable cause exists, and

§ 1983 grants absolute immunity to witnesses who testify before one such decisionmaker (the

grand jury).

1. Probable Cause. Reading the Fourth Amendment in light of our common-law

traditions, the Supreme Court has held that it prohibits a defendant's pretrial detention unless the

government has "probable cause to believe he committed a crime.” Manuel, 137 S. Ct. at 920.

Yet the Supreme Court has "often” reminded courts that probable cause is not a "high bar.”

Kaley v. United States, 571 U.S. 320, 338 (2014). It "does not require the same type of specific

evidence of each element of the offense as would be needed to support a conviction” beyond a

reasonable doubt. Adams v. Williams, 407 U.S. 143, 149 (1972); Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213,

246 (1983). "It 'requires only a probability or substantial chance of criminal activity, not an

actual showing of such activity.'” District of Columbia v. Wesby, 138 S. Ct. 577, 586 (2018)

(citation omitted).

This constitutional rule has significance for § 1983 plaintiffs. Those asserting a Fourth

Amendment claim against a pretrial detention (or prosecution) must show, at a minimum, that

the defendant lacked probable cause. Manuel, 137 S. Ct. at 919–20; Sykes, 625 F.3d at 308–09.

And apart from that constitutional floor, § 1983 adds other statutory requirements. If a defendant

relies on the defense of qualified immunity, the plaintiff must show that a defendant's probablecause finding violated clearly established law. Wesby, 138 S. Ct. at 589. In this fact-dependent

context, that test will generally require the plaintiff to "identify a case where an officer acting

under similar circumstances . . . was held to have violated the Fourth Amendment.” Id. at 590

(citation omitted).

2. Neutral Decisionmaker. Again interpreting the Fourth Amendment in light of our

common-law traditions, the Supreme Court has next held that an extended pretrial detention

requires a neutral decisionmaker to make the probable-cause finding. County of Riverside v.

McLaughlin, 500 U.S. 44, 53–58 (1991). If officers have arrested an individual without a

warrant, they generally must take the individual before a magistrate within 48 hours. Id. at 56.

If, by contrast, a grand jury has indicted the individual, the Fourth Amendment allows the "grand

jury's judgment” of probable cause to "substitute for that of a neutral and detached magistrate[.]”

No. 20-5011 Lester v. Roberts, et al. Page 10

Gerstein v. Pugh, 420 U.S. 103, 117 n.19 (1975); United States v. Williams, 504 U.S. 36, 51

(1992). As the Court has said, "the finding of an indictment, fair upon its face, by a properly

constituted grand jury, conclusively determines the existence of probable cause for the purpose

of holding the accused to answer.” Ex Parte United States, 287 U.S. 241, 250 (1932); see Kaley,

571 U.S. at 328.

This constitutional rule has significance for § 1983 plaintiffs too. The judiciary's respect

for the grand jury has led courts to hold that the grand jury's finding creates a presumption of

probable cause in later proceedings under § 1983. See King v. Harwood, 852 F.3d 568, 586 (6th

Cir. 2017); Cook v. McPherson, 273 F. App'x 421, 423–24 (6th Cir. 2008); Higgason v.

Stephens, 288 F.3d 868, 876–77 (6th Cir. 2002). Courts have not, however, been clear on the

source of this probable-cause presumption. It might be described as an interpretation of the

Fourth Amendment itself (e.g., that "seizures” during criminal cases generally cannot be deemed

"unreasonable” if a grand jury has found probable cause). Cf. Durham v. Horner, 690 F.3d 183,

189 n.7 (4th Cir. 2012). Or, like qualified immunity, it might be described as an interpretation of

§ 1983 (e.g., that this statute adopts generic common-law rules, which might include the

presumption). Cf. Manuel, 137 S. Ct. at 920; see Conder v. Morrison, 121 S.W.2d 930, 931

(Ky. 1938) (Kentucky law).

Either way, we have also explained how plaintiffs may overcome this probable-cause

presumption. We traditionally held that plaintiffs could defeat the presumption by proving that

the defendant knowingly or recklessly made false statements to the grand jury. See King,

852 F.3d at 586–87. But the Supreme Court upended that test by holding that witnesses who

testify before the grand jury are entitled to absolute immunity, an immunity that covers false

statements. Rehberg v. Paulk, 566 U.S. 356, 367–70 (2012). Since Rehberg, we have clarified

that a plaintiff may overcome the presumption if the defendant fabricates evidence or knowingly

or recklessly makes materially false statements outside the grand-jury context. See King, 852

F.3d at 587–88.

No. 20-5011 Lester v. Roberts, et al. Page 11

B

Lester's claim faces two immediate obstacles under this mix of Fourth Amendment and

§ 1983 rules. For one thing, a grand jury indicted Lester and triggered the "presumption of

probable cause[.]” Id. at 586. Lester attempts to overcome this presumption by arguing that

Detective Roberts recklessly failed to disclose to the prosecutors and the grand jury problems

with Jasmine Williams's statements. But this purported "omission” of exculpatory evidence (as

opposed to affirmative "false statements,” King, 852 F.3d at 857) may not suffice to defeat this

presumption. The Constitution does not require prosecutors to present any exculpatory evidence

to the grand jury. Williams, 504 U.S. at 51–52. Courts in this context thus have held that

"failing to disclose potentially exculpatory evidence differs from affirmatively falsifying

evidence.” Costino v. Anderson, 786 F. App'x 344, 348 (3d Cir. 2019); Burgess v. DeJoseph,

725 F. App'x 36, 39–40 (2d Cir. 2018); cf. Martin v. Maurer, 581 F. App'x 509, 511 (6th Cir.

2014).

For another, because Detective Roberts receives absolute immunity for his grand-jury

testimony, Lester must identify falsehoods that Roberts made outside the grand jury. King,

852 F.3d at 587–88. Lester attempts to do so by identifying omissions in Roberts's grand-jury

application, not just his testimony. But absolute immunity covers a grand-jury witness's

"preparatory activity” too. Rehberg, 566 U.S. at 370. Roberts's application looks a lot like that

preparatory activity. That said, Lester also argues that Roberts did not properly assert this

defense in his answer in this case. And we have noted that "absolute immunity must be

affirmatively pleaded, or it is forfeited.” Parnell v. City of Detroit, 786 F. App'x 43, 47 n.3 (6th

Cir. 2019).

Given the complexities involved with these two preliminary issues, we opt not to decide

this appeal using any probable-cause presumption or absolute-immunity defense. Lester's claim

fails for a more basic reason. As we have said, the presence of probable cause for a prosecution

or pretrial detention dooms any Fourth Amendment claim. Manuel, 137 S. Ct. at 919–20; Sykes,

625 F.3d at 308–09. Detective Roberts also has asserted a qualified-immunity defense. So

Lester needed to identify cases with similar fact patterns in which courts found an absence of

probable cause. Wesby, 138 S. Ct. at 590. Yet Lester has not made out a "constitutional

No. 20-5011 Lester v. Roberts, et al. Page 12

violation at all,” let alone shown a violation of clearly established legal rules. Pearson v.

Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 236 (2009). As a matter of law, ample evidence pointed to Lester as

Baker's accomplice and created the required "substantial chance of criminal activity” to establish

probable cause. Wesby, 138 S. Ct. at 586 (citation omitted).

Most notably, Jasmine Williams's account implicated Lester. She told Roberts that she

had gone with Baker and his friend "Desean” to Hudson's apartment complex, that the two men

went to Hudson's apartment, and that they ran out with money and marijuana. That night,

Williams added, Baker confessed to shooting and killing Hudson. Williams also identified

Lester from a photo array as the "Desean” that accompanied Baker to the murder and robbed

Hudson.

Does Williams's statement suffice to establish probable cause on its own? "The Supreme

Court has recognized that '[i]nformants' tips doubtless come in many shapes and sizes from

many different types of persons,' ranging from the professional 'informant' to the 'honest

citizen.'” United States v. Baker, 976 F.3d 636, 649 (6th Cir. 2020) (quoting Gates, 462 U.S. at

232–34). And we have recognized that a statement from a witness known to the police is

"generally sufficient to establish probable cause without further corroboration because the legal

consequences of lying to law enforcement officials tend to ensure reliability.” United States v.

Hodge, 714 F.3d 380, 385 (6th Cir. 2013); see Ahlers v. Schebil, 188 F.3d 365, 370 (6th Cir.

1999). Yet we have added that a witness's uncorroborated statements might fall short if "there is

an apparent reason for the officer to believe that the eyewitness was lying, did not accurately

describe what he had seen, or was in some fashion mistaken regarding his recollection of the

confrontation.” United States v. Harness, 453 F.3d 752, 754 (6th Cir. 2006) (quoting Ahlers,

188 F.3d at 370); see Peet v. City of Detroit, 502 F.3d 557, 564 (6th Cir. 2007).

We need not decide whether Williams's statement sufficed on its own because Detective

Roberts had substantial corroborating evidence. Start with the big picture. Many witnesses

supported Williams's general account. Confirming her claim that Baker was the murderer,

Nikkia Sullivan told Roberts that Baker confessed to her too. Susan Copass-Cheng likewise told

Roberts that Baker made incriminating remarks, including: "If they catch me, I'm gonna go away

for a long time.” Confirming Williams's claim that Baker and Lester had gone to the victim's

No. 20-5011 Lester v. Roberts, et al. Page 13

apartment, two eyewitnesses (Kristie Hart and Teresa Wise) saw two young African-American

men in the apartment minutes before the murder. Hart identified Baker as one of the men.

Confirming Williams's claim that the men ran back, another eyewitness (Charles Evans) saw two

men running from the complex minutes later.

Turn to specifics. Detective Roberts corroborated details that Williams provided. She

stated, for example, that Baker told her that he had shot the victim in the back of the head—

precisely how Roberts knew the victim had died. Williams, who did not live in Louisville, also

recalled that they parked at a BP near the apartment complex. Roberts knew that a BP was, in

fact, across the street. And one eyewitness (Evans) had seen the two men run toward that BP.

Williams's identification of Lester also had specific corroboration. When conversing

about the crime, Copass-Cheng noted that Williams had told her: "We haven't seen Dezuan since

all that stuff happened” and "He's scared to death.” Copass-Cheng told Roberts that she thought

Williams was referring to Lester, explaining that she knew Lester from high school and that

Lester was friends with Baker. Williams also told Detective Roberts that she had met "Desean”

a few times at her apartment because she "had a computer that him and [Baker] would rap on.”

And Lester told Roberts that he was friends with Baker and that the two would "do[] music

together[.]” To top it off, DNA on a hat at the scene was consistent with a mixture from Lester

(and Baker).

All told, Williams's statements were sufficiently corroborated "to justify a reasonable

officer's belief” in the credibility of her account implicating Lester. See Peet, 502 F.3d at 564.

C

In response, Lester cites our caselaw holding that an "officer cannot look only at the

evidence of guilt while ignoring all exculpatory evidence” when deciding whether probable

cause exists for an arrest. Gardenshire v. Schubert, 205 F.3d 303, 318 (6th Cir. 2000). And he

highlights inconsistencies between Jasmine Williams's statement and other evidence. But the

alleged inconsistencies, even considered collectively, do not show the absence of probable cause.

No. 20-5011 Lester v. Roberts, et al. Page 14

As a general matter, Lester's fine-tooth combing over every detail seems more suited for

arguments to the jury about why the government did not prove its case beyond a reasonable

doubt than arguments to us about why probable cause did not exist for the government to bring

that case. As the Supreme Court has recognized, the burden to establish the probable cause

necessary to initiate a suit (and a pretrial detention) is much lower than the burden necessary to

obtain a conviction. See Adams, 407 U.S. at 149; Zantello v. Shelby Township, 277 F. App'x

570, 572 (6th Cir. 2008). For this reason, the grand jury need not even be presented with

exculpatory evidence. "As Blackstone described the prevailing practice in 18th-century

England, the grand jury was 'only to hear evidence on behalf of the prosecution[,] for the finding

of an indictment is only in the nature of an enquiry or accusation, which is afterwards to be tried

and determined.'” Williams, 504 U.S. at 51 (quoting 4 William Blackstone, Commentaries on

the Laws of England *300).

As a specific matter, the inconsistencies that allegedly plague Jasmine Williams's

testimony fall well short of eliminating probable cause. We describe only Lester's primary

claims here. First, Lester notes that Williams identified Baker's accomplice as "Desean,” a

pronunciation different from the way Lester pronounces his first name. Yet Roberts could find it

unsurprising that Williams might mispronounce Lester's name. She had met him only a few

times and was recalling events from years ago. Critically, despite the mispronunciation, Roberts

obtained corroborating evidence that Williams was actually talking about Lester. Williams

picked his picture from a photo array. In addition, Copass-Cheng, who knew Lester, believed

that Williams had been referring to him when talking about Baker's accomplice. She also

confirmed that Baker and Lester were friends, and Lester himself readily admitted to this

friendship.

Second, Lester identifies alleged inconsistencies between Williams's statements and the

physical evidence. Williams told Roberts that both men wore hats as they ran back to the car and

that marijuana fell from them when they ran. But the police uncovered no marijuana from the

street and one man left a hat in the victim's apartment. Here again, Williams gave this statement

five years later, so Roberts could find it unsurprising that she did not accurately recall every

detail. And other evidence corroborated her statements that the men returned with marijuana and

No. 20-5011 Lester v. Roberts, et al. Page 15

money. Kristie Hart, who knew the victim well, told Roberts that he regularly sold marijuana

from his apartment and had some $3,000 in his pocket on the night of the murder. Hart further

noted that both men were at least wearing hats when they entered his apartment. The victim's

body was also found with his pockets turned inside out, suggesting that they had been rummaged

through. The men also could have simply picked back up the marijuana as they ran. More

generally, Williams's statement described what appeared to be a chaotic race to the car. She

noted how "shit was falling” when they were running because they appeared to have items

stuffed in their pockets, but "[t]heir pants were all baggy and they were holding their pants; and

they didn't have no shirt on.” (The men were presumably using their shirts as their bandanas.)

This recollection of the scene generally matched what another eyewitness (Evans) had said: that

at least one man lacked a shirt and that the other had to "keep stopping while he was running

because he lost his shoe.”

Third, Lester identifies inconsistencies between Williams's statements and statements

from other eyewitnesses. Most notably, Evans thought that one of the men was William "Ray

Ray” Charter, and Theresa Wise (who saw the men in the apartment) also suggested that one

resembled Charter. Yet just because the police have more than one potential suspect does not

mean that they lack probable cause for all of the suspects. See, e.g., Maryland v. Pringle,

540 U.S. 366, 371–72 (2003). And "there is a meaningful distinction between disregarding

potentially exculpatory information and disbelieving it.” Mahnke v. Garrigan, 428 F. App'x

630, 635 (7th Cir. 2011) (order). Detective Roberts did not simply disregard the claim that

Charter had been at the scene. He interviewed Charter, found him "forthcoming,” and did not

think he was involved. Detective Roberts also had overwhelming evidence against Baker, and

Lester identifies nothing connecting Baker to Charter. But plenty of evidence connects Baker to

Lester.

Fourth, Lester identifies discrepancies between what Nikkia Sullivan said Jasmine

Williams told her months after the murder and what Williams told Roberts years later. Sullivan

indicated that Williams was unable to tell Sullivan the name of Baker's accomplice, whereas

Williams told Roberts that "Desean” was the accomplice. Likewise, Sullivan said Williams had

been driving the car, whereas Williams told Roberts that she was in the backseat. Neither

No. 20-5011 Lester v. Roberts, et al. Page 16

discrepancy changes things. Roberts had other evidence to corroborate Williams's statement that

Lester was the second man, including Copass-Cheng's statement that Williams had, in fact,

identified Lester near the time of the murder. And whether Williams was the driver or a

passenger does not undermine her identification of Lester. True, Williams had a motive to lie

about driving—to avoid potential complicity charges—and that motive might undermine an

officer's reliance on her story alone. See Harness, 453 F.3d at 754. But, as we have noted,

Roberts corroborated her statements with substantial evidence. Lester also identifies no reason

why any motive to lie would extend to Williams's identification of him as the accomplice.

Cf. United States v. Cooper, 1 F. App'x 399, 404 (6th Cir. 2001). Aside from these

discrepancies, moreover, Williams's separate statements to Sullivan and Roberts largely matched

each other despite being years apart.

Fifth, Lester argues that Detective Roberts should have done more to corroborate

Williams's identification before bringing his case back to the prosecutor. Lester notes, for

example, that Roberts could have shown Lester's picture to other eyewitnesses (such as Hart or

Wise) or run a background check on Williams to discover her criminal record. Perhaps as a

matter of good detective work Roberts should have done these things. But "[o]nce probable

cause is established, an officer is under no duty to investigate further or to look for additional

evidence which may exculpate the accused.” Ahlers, 188 F.3d at 371.

* * *

Combining the alleged discrepancies, Lester ends by arguing that he has at least created

an issue of fact for the jury on this probable-cause question. Yet he does not identify any

disputed "historical facts” about what Roberts knew. Instead, he says a jury could find a lack of

probable cause based on this evidence. We recently clarified, however, that "the ultimate

question of probable cause . . . in a civil case when the historical facts are undisputed is a

question of law for the court and not a jury.” Gerics v. Trevino, 974 F.3d 798, 805 (6th Cir.

2020). Here, the historical facts are not in dispute and they point to a clear legal conclusion:

probable cause existed.

No. 20-5011 Lester v. Roberts, et al. Page 17

III

That leaves Lester's malicious-prosecution claim under Kentucky tort law. "Malicious

prosecution is an ancient and well-established common law cause of action with a long history in

Kentucky jurisprudence.” Martin v. O'Daniel, 507 S.W.3d 1, 7 (Ky. 2016). Today, it requires a

plaintiff to prove, among other elements, the "lack of probable cause” for the underlying

proceeding that the plaintiff complains about. Fox v. DeSoto, 489 F.3d 227, 237 (6th Cir. 2007);

see Martin, 507 S.W.3d at 11. Thus, a Kentucky claim for malicious prosecution, like a Fourth

Amendment claim for an unreasonable seizure, cannot survive when the police had probable

cause. Fox, 489 F.3d at 238. Kentucky caselaw likewise treats the question whether probable

cause existed as a legal issue for the court. See Craycroft v. Pippin, 245 S.W.3d 804, 806 (Ky.

Ct. App. 2008) (quoting F.S. Marshall Co. v. Brashear, 37 S.W.2d 15, 17 (Ky. 1931)). Lester,

moreover, makes no claim that Kentucky courts follow a higher probable-cause standard under

Kentucky law than our probable-cause standard under the Fourth Amendment. We thus may

reject his tort claim for all the same reasons we have discussed: Probable cause existed for

Lester's prosecution.

We affirm