Kang Sik Park, M.D. v. First American Title Insurance Company

Kang Sik Park appeals the district court’s dismissal of his suit against First American Title Insurance Company (“First American”) as time-barred. Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we reverse and remand.

I

In 2006, in relation to a loan to Peter and Virginia Lamb, Park obtained a commitment from First American to insure a real estate deed of trust for property in Salt Lake County, Utah.1 On recording of the deed of trust, First American issued a

* This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.

FILED

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

July 25, 2018

Elisabeth A. Shumaker

Clerk of Court

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lender’s title insurance policy which insured against loss by virtue of “[a]ny defect in

or lien or encumbrance on the title,” “[u]nmarketability of the title,” “invalidity or

unenforceability of the lien of the Insured Mortgage upon the title,” and other issues.2

The lender’s title insurance policy requires that Park notify First American of

litigation or claims asserting an interest in the property “promptly in writing.” If

prompt notice is not provided, “all liability of [First American] shall terminate with

regard to the matter or matters for which prompt notice is required.” However,

“failure to notify [First American] shall, in no case prejudice the rights of any

Insured under this policy unless [First American] shall be prejudiced by the failure

and then only to the extent of the prejudice.”

In the event of litigation concerning title, and “[u]pon written request by the

Insured . . . , [First American], at its own cost and without unreasonable delay, shall

provide for the defense of an Insured.” If the “policy permits or requires [First

American] to prosecute or provide for the defense of any action or proceeding,” the

insured is required to provide “all reasonable aid.” First American retained the

options of either paying out a claim to the insured or “sett[ling] with parties other

1 Because are reviewing the district court’s dismissal under Fed. R. Civ. P.

12(b)(6), we take the following facts from Park’s complaint. See Wilson v. Montano,

715 F.3d 847, 852 (10th Cir. 2013).

2 Although the policy was not attached to Park’s complaint, “if a plaintiff does

not incorporate by reference or attach a document to its complaint, but the document

is referred to in the complaint and is central to the plaintiff’s claim, a defendant may

submit an indisputably authentic copy to the court to be considered on a motion to

dismiss.” GFF Corp. v. Associated Wholesale Grocers, Inc., 130 F.3d 1381, 1384

(10th Cir. 1997)

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than the Insured.” Finally, a section titled “Limitation of Liability” provides that

First American “shall have no liability for loss or damage until there has been a final

determination by a court of competent jurisdiction, and disposition of all appeals

therefrom, adverse to the title or interest of the Insured or to the lien of the Insured

Mortgage, as insured.”

A number of third parties filed an action in Utah state court in September

2010, seeking to quiet title to the insured property. In October 2015, the state court

ruled that certain documents under which the Lambs claimed interest in the property

were not authorized by all of the owners, or purported to convey an interest the

grantors did not possess. Park’s deed of trust was accordingly also invalidated.

Park made a claim to First American under the policy, but the insurer refused

to pay. He then filed suit in Utah state court alleging breach of contract, breach of

the covenant of good faith and fair dealing, breach of implied-in-fact contract, and

unjust enrichment. First American removed the case to federal court and moved to

dismiss. The district court concluded that Park’s claims were time barred and

granted First American’s motion. Park timely appealed.

II

We review a district court’s dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6) de novo. Cty. of

Santa Fe v. Pub. Serv. Co., 311 F.3d 1031, 1034 (10th Cir. 2002). In reviewing a

12(b)(6) dismissal, we accept all well-pled allegations contained in the complaint as

true. Moore v. Guthrie, 438 F.3d 1036, 1039 (10th Cir. 2006). A statute of

limitations bar is an affirmative defense, but may be resolved on a motion to dismiss

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if “the dates given in the complaint make clear that the right sued upon has been

extinguished.” Aldrich v. McCulloch Props., Inc., 627 F.2d 1036, 1041 n.4 (10th Cir.

1980).

The parties agree that Park’s claims are governed by Utah Code § 31A-21-

313(1)(a), which requires that “[a]n action on a written policy or contract of first

party insurance shall be commenced within three years after the inception of the

loss.” In interpreting this Utah statute, we endeavor “to reach the same result that

would be reached in state court.” Etherton v. Owners Ins. Co., 829 F.3d 1209, 1223

(10th Cir. 2016). The district court concluded that Park suffered a loss when he was

served in the quiet title action, and thus his claims were time barred because they

were not filed within three years of that date. We disagree.

Courts in Utah have decided several cases interpreting the language at issue,

although our research has not uncovered any cases specifically dealing with title

insurance policies. Nevertheless, we view related authorities applying § 31A-21-

313(1)(a) to other types of policies as informative given that the statute’s broad

coverage.

In Tucker v. State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co., 53 P.3d 947 (Utah

2002), plaintiffs sought to recover for personal injuries sustained in an automobile

accident. Id. at 948. In November 1996, the insurer provided partial payment but

denied certain expenses. Id. at 949. The Utah Supreme Court held that plaintiffs

were on notice as of November 1996 that the insurer “did not intend to fully

reimburse [their] medical expenses” and therefore the plaintiff’s claim, filed in

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September 2000, was time barred. Id. at 952. The “inception of the loss,” the court

explained, “refers to the time when the loss was first incurred or began to accrue.”

Id. In addition, the court noted that Utah law prohibits an action against an insurer

until the insurer denies full payment. Id. (citing Utah Code § 31A-21-313(4)(c)). It

held that, “[i]n a case involving the alleged failure to pay [personal injury] benefits,

the inception of the loss occurs no later than the date on which the insurer refuses to

pay the disputed [personal injury] benefits, and such a refusal to pay constitutes

denial of full payment under section 31A-21-313(4)(c).” Id. (quotation and alteration

omitted).

In Anderson v. Beneficial Fire & Casualty Co., 442 P.2d 933 (Utah 1968), the

plaintiff sought insurance benefits for equipment that he discovered had been lost in

August 1965. Id. at 933. In July 1966, the insurer denied coverage. Id. His policy

required that any suit be “commenced within 12 months next after inception of the

loss.” Id. The court held that the period began to run on the date the equipment went

missing rather than the date the insurer denied benefits. Id. The district court in the

current case also relied on Canadian Indemnity Co. v. K & T, Inc., 745 F. Supp. 661

(D. Utah 1990), which concerned a claim for breach of duty to defend. Id. at 662.

Relying on Anderson, the Canadian Indemnity court held that “‘inception of the loss’

contained in an insurance policy relates to the first moment that the loss was

incurred, not from the moment of the alleged notification to the insured that the

insurer would not comply with the terms of the contract.” Id. at 664. Accordingly,

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“[i]n a suit for an alleged breach of an insurer’s duty to defend, the insured’s first

loss occurs when the insured first incurs expenses of defense.” Id.

This court has considered § 31A-21-313(1)(a) in the context of an action

brought under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974. See Lang v.

Aetna Life Ins, Co., 196 F.3d 1102 (10th Cir. 1999). The plaintiff in that case

received long-term disability benefits from her insurer from 1979 to 1991. Id. at

1104. In June 1991, the insurer notified plaintiff that it no longer considered her

disabled and discontinued payments. Id. We held that “[t]he statute of limitations

was triggered not by the plaintiff’s personal disability in 1979 but only upon the

insurer’s alleged breach in 1991.” Id. at 1105.

The district court perceived some tension between the foregoing cases. We

conclude that any potential inconsistency dissipates if one focuses on the specific

loss alleged in each case. As the Utah Supreme Court has noted, determining the

beginning of a limitations period can be an “intensely fact-dependent inquiry.”

Russell Packard Dev., Inc. v. Carson, 108 P.3d 741, 746 (Utah 2005). To determine

when a loss is first incurred, we must define with particularity the loss at issue. In

Anderson, plaintiff sought to recover for lost equipment, and thus the loss began

when it went missing. 442 P.2d at 933. In Canadian Indemnity, the plaintiff sued for

funds expended in defending an action, and thus the loss began when plaintiff

incurred defense costs. 745 F. Supp. at 664. In both Lang and Tucker, the loss

occurred when the insurers stopped providing benefits. Lang, 196 F.3d at 1105;

Tucker, 53 P.3d at 952.

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In this case, Park’s claimed loss is the invalidation of his interest in the

property caused by the defect in title. We conclude that the inception of this

particular loss was the date the state trial court issued its ruling. That reading is

consistent with the terms of the policy, which insulates First American from liability

“until there has been a final determination by a court of competent jurisdiction”

undermining the insured’s interest. First American points to other provisions in the

policy concerning its duty to defend and the parties’ respective rights and duties

during litigation. But Park is not claiming a loss based on failure to tender a defense.

Similarly, Park is not advancing a claim based upon clouded title caused by the

initiation of a lawsuit. We express no view on the date the limitations period might

begin for such claims; instead, we hold that Park’s specific loss began when the state

trial court ruled.3



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3 First American urges us to affirm on various alternative grounds. We decline

to do so. “The better practice on issues raised below but not ruled on by the district

court is to leave the matter to the district court in the first instance.” Greystone

Constr., Inc. v. Nat’l Fire & Marine Ins. Co., 661 F.3d 1272, 1290 (10th Cir. 2011)

(quotation and alteration omitted).

For the foregoing reasons, we REVERSE and REMAND for further

proceedings consistent with this order and judgment.