MACKIE L. SHIVERS, JR. v. United States of America

Atlanta, Georgia - Criminal defense lawyer represented Plaintiff-Appellant with alleging that prison officials negligently assigned another inmate to his cell and that their conduct also violated his Eighth Amendment rights. He was imprisoned for cocaine drug convictions.

In August 2015, Shivers was a 64-year-old inmate at a federal prison.

Dodson was a 26-year-old, mentally unstable inmate at the same prison. Prison

officials assigned Dodson to Shivers's cell. Both were imprisoned for cocaine

drug convictions. After eight months without incident, Dodson stabbed Shivers in

the eye with a pair of scissors while Shivers was sleeping. Shivers is now

permanently blind in that eye.

Following the attack, Shivers pursued his administrative remedies with help

from another inmate, Gordan Reid. The parties agree that Shivers properly

completed the first three steps of the process—submission of BP-8, BP-9, and

BP-10 forms. Shivers received denials at each level. Shivers believes he properly

completed the fourth and final step of the administrative process—submission of

the BP-11 form—but the government claims that it never received the form.

After he thought he had exhausted his administrative remedies, Shivers

brought this FTCA and Bivens action against the United States and five prison

employees (collectively, "the government”). His pro se complaint alleged that

prison officials knew or should have known before they assigned Dodson to

Shivers's cell that Dodson "was presenting aggressive and violent tendencies

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toward other prisoners”—especially his cellmates—and that he had a history of

assaulting his cellmates. His complaint also alleged that he was afraid for his

safety, and that he voiced those concerns to prison officials. He claimed that the

government's conduct was negligent, and that his "[r]ight to be free of cruel and

unusual [p]unishment was violated.”

The government moved to dismiss or for summary judgment. Of relevance

here, the government argued that the discretionary function exception barred

Shivers's FTCA claim. It also asserted that Shivers had failed to exhaust his

administrative remedies as to his Bivens claim. The government attached a copy

of the Bureau of Prison's ("BOP”) SENTRY Administrative Remedy Generalized

Retrieval database showing that the Central Office never received Shivers's BP-11

form.

As to the discretionary function exception, Shivers argued that he should be

given the opportunity to conduct discovery to challenge the government's

arguments and declarations about application of the exception. And as to the

Bivens claim, Shivers argued that he had taken all necessary steps to exhaust his

administrative remedies, providing his and Reid's declarations in support. The

declarations said that Reid had helped him prepare the BP-11 form to be mailed to

the Central Office in Washington, D.C.; that Shivers had provided Reid with a

signed and dated copy of the form; and that Shivers had told Reid that he handed a

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stamped envelope containing the original to the prison's institutional-mail officer.

Shivers also claimed that he had repeatedly asked various prison officials about the

status of his BP-11 appeal to no avail. Shivers attached an unsigned copy of the

BP-11 form to his declaration, claiming it was a "true and correct copy” of the

form he submitted to the Central Office.

The district court granted the government's motion to dismiss. The court

dismissed Shivers's FTCA claim for lack of subject matter jurisdiction because the

discretionary function exception barred Shivers's claim against the United States.

It dismissed Shivers's Bivens claim for failure to exhaust administrative remedies.

Shivers appeals both dismissals. This Court appointed appellate counsel for

Shivers.

II. FTCA CLAIM

A. The FTCA, 28 U.S.C. § 1346(b)(1)

For starters, Shivers's FTCA tort claim is against only the United States

which, as a sovereign entity, is immune from suit without the consent of Congress.

United States v. Mitchell, 445 U.S. 535, 538, 100 S. Ct. 1349, 1351 (1980). The

FTCA represents a limited congressional waiver of sovereign immunity for injury

or loss caused by the "negligent or wrongful act or omission” of a government

employee "acting within the scope of his office or employment, under

circumstances where the United States, if a private person, would be liable to the

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claimant in accordance with the law of the place where the act or omission

occurred.” 28 U.S.C. § 1346(b)(1). The FTCA addresses violations of state law

by federal employees, not federal constitutional claims. See F.D.I.C. v. Meyer,

510 U.S. 471, 477–78, 114 S. Ct. 996, 1001 (1994) (explaining a "constitutional

tort claim is not 'cognizable' under § 1346(b)” because the source of substantive

liability under the FTCA is state law, not federal law).

B. Exception in 28 U.S.C. § 2680(a)

Nonetheless, the FTCA broadly exempts (from the FTCA's waiver of

sovereign immunity) "[a]ny claim . . . based upon the exercise or performance or

the failure to exercise or perform a discretionary function or duty on the part of a

federal agency or an employee of the Government, whether or not the discretion

involved be abused.” 28 U.S.C. § 2680(a) (emphasis added). The upshot of

§ 2680(a) is that when the United States's performance of a "function or duty”

involves discretion, the fact that the discretion was misused or abused in any way

does not lead to liability for the U.S. Treasury. "[T]he purpose of the exception is

to prevent judicial second-guessing of . . . administrative decisions grounded in

social, economic, and political policy through the medium of an action in tort.”

United States v. Gaubert, 499 U.S. 315, 323, 111 S. Ct. 1267, 1273 (1991)

(quotation marks omitted).

C. Gaubert's Two-Prong Test

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United States v. Gaubert and its two-prong test govern the application of the

FTCA's discretionary function exception. 499 U.S. at 322–23, 111 S. Ct. at 1273–

74. In Gaubert's two-prong test, the Supreme Court expressly instructed courts

how to determine whether challenged government conduct involves "a

discretionary function or duty” for purposes of § 2680(a)'s exception. Id. at 322–

23, 111 S. Ct. at 1273 (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 2680(a)). First, a court must determine

whether the conduct challenged by the plaintiff was "discretionary in nature”—that

is, whether it involved "an element of judgment or choice.” Id. at 322, 111 S. Ct.

at 1273 (quotation marks omitted). Second, a court must evaluate "whether that

judgment [or choice] is of the kind that the discretionary function exception was

designed to shield.” Id. at 322–23, 111 S. Ct. at 1273 (quotation marks omitted).

Applying Gaubert's two-prong test, our Court has squarely held that the

category of conduct challenged here—inmate-classification and housing-placement

decisions—involves "a discretionary function or duty” protected by § 2680(a)'s

exception. Cohen v. United States, 151 F.3d 1338, 1340, 1342–45 (11th Cir. 1998)

(quoting 28 U.S.C. § 2680(a)) (concluding in an FTCA case that prison officials'

actions in classifying prisoners and placing them in institutions—actions that "are

part and parcel of the inherently policy-laden endeavor of maintaining order and

preserving security within our nation's prisons”—involve conduct or decisions that

meet both prongs of the discretionary function exception). In Cohen, our Court

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held that, while 18 U.S.C. § 4042 "imposes on the BOP a general duty of care to

safeguard prisoners,” it "leaves BOP personnel sufficient discretion about how

their § 4042 duty of care is to be accomplished to warrant application of the

discretionary function exception.” Id. at 1342. Thus, inmate-classification and

housing-placement decisions fall squarely within the discretionary function

exception. See id. at 1345.

D. Shivers's Arguments as to Constitutional Claims

Shivers nonetheless argues that the discretionary function exception does not

apply here because the prison officials' decision to house Dodson in his cell

violated the Eighth Amendment.2

Shivers contends that the BOP's discretionary

inmate-placement decision is protected when the decision is merely tortious but not

when that same conduct is both tortious and unconstitutional. Appellant's Supp.

Br. at 22. Shivers reasons that prison employees "do not have discretion to violate

the Constitution” and that therefore, as a matter of law, tortious conduct if

allegedly unconstitutional necessarily falls outside the scope of the discretionary

function exception "even if the government can otherwise meet the requirements”

of Gaubert's test, since the discretionary function exception "does not immunize

conduct that violates the Constitution.” Id. at 13, 22 (emphasis added).

2

We review de novo whether an FTCA claim is barred by the discretionary function

exception. Douglas v. United States, 814 F.3d 1268, 1273 (11th Cir. 2016).

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Further, Shivers considers the allegations of unconstitutional conduct only as

negating the discretionary function defense, not as part of the substantive FTCA

claim. He maintains that while "[t]he substantive basis for [his] FTCA claim

remains Florida law,” an alleged constitutional violation "means that the

government cannot shield itself using the discretionary function exception.” Id. at

19–20. Under this view, his FTCA claim will proceed as a negligence claim, but

the United States's statutory discretionary function defense to that negligence

claim is not available if Shivers's complaint also sufficiently alleges an Eighth

Amendment violation.

Under Shivers's creative dichotomy, an FTCA plaintiff would prove

(1) first, the substantive FTCA state-law negligence claim, and (2) next, a federal

violation of the Eighth Amendment by a prison employee that would negate the

defendant United States's discretionary function defense to the plaintiff's state-law

claim. While Shivers teases apart the two issues, what remains, in practice, is that

in an FTCA state-law negligence case, the plaintiff can prevail (by negating the

discretionary function defense) if the plaintiff proves that the alleged conduct "is

both tortious and unconstitutional.” Id. at 22. Shivers in effect argues for a

"constitutional-claims exclusion” from the discretionary function exception in

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§ 2680(a). Shivers's arguments fail, as discussed below.3

E. Analysis

First, the statutory text of the discretionary function exception is

unambiguous and categorical: the FTCA "shall not apply to . . . [a]ny claim” that

arises from "a discretionary function or duty on the part of a federal agency or any

employee of the Government, whether or not the discretion involved be abused.”

28 U.S.C. § 2680(a) (emphasis added). This statutory text is plain and broad,

encompassing "[a]ny claim” based on "a discretionary function or duty.” Id. And

the language Congress chose in § 2680(a) is unqualified—there is nothing in the

statutory language that limits application of this exception based on the "degree” of

the abuse of discretion or the egregiousness of the employee's performance.

Congress could have adopted language that carved out certain behavior from this

exception—for example, grossly negligent behavior, intentional behavior, or

behavior that rises to the level of a constitutional violation. But Congress did not

do so, and it is Congress that uniquely decides what should fall within the waiver

of sovereign immunity.

The critical inquiry in an FTCA case like this one, therefore, is whether the

3

The Dissent makes largely the same arguments as Shivers, and thus our analysis below

of Shivers's claims applies to the Dissent as well. Further, we reject the government's argument

that Shivers waived or forfeited his position that the discretionary function exception does not

apply to his FTCA tort claim, and thus address the merits of Shivers's arguments.

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category or type of challenged government activity is discretionary under Gaubert.

If it is, the express terms of the congressional consent to be sued, as expressed in

§ 2680(a), shield the United States from liability whether the governmental

employee's exercise of his or her discretion is appropriate, slightly abusive, or so

abusive that it is unconstitutional.

Congress left no room for the extra-textual "constitutional-claims exclusion”

for which Shivers advocates. See Millbrook v. United States, 569 U.S. 50, 56–57,

133 S. Ct. 1441, 1445–46 (2013) (applying "[t]he plain text” of the FTCA and

"declin[ing] to read . . . a limitation into unambiguous text”). The incompatibility

of Shivers's proposed exclusion with the FTCA's remedial scheme is reinforced by

the fact that Congress did not create the FTCA to address constitutional violations

at all but, rather, to address violations of state tort law committed by federal

employees. See Meyer, 510 U.S. at 477–78, 114 S. Ct. at 1001. The statutory

language Congress used in the FTCA forecloses Shivers's claim. See BP P.L.C. v.

Mayor & City Council of Baltimore, 593 U.S. ___, 141 S. Ct. 1523, 1539 (2021)

("Exceptions and exemptions are no less part of Congress's work than its rules and

standards—and all are worthy of a court's respect. That a law might temper its

pursuit of one goal by accommodating others can come as no surprise.”).

Second, the Supreme Court in Gaubert defined "a discretionary function or

duty” on the part of a federal agency or employee and instructed how courts should

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determine if a "function or duty” is "discretionary” for purposes of § 2680(a). As

noted earlier, under Gaubert's first prong, a court must determine if the challenged

conduct—here, an inmate-classification and housing-placement decision—was

"discretionary in nature,” that is whether it involved "an element of judgment or

choice.” See Gaubert, 499 U.S. at 322, 111 S. Ct. at 1273 (quotation marks

omitted). The inquiry is not about how poorly, abusively, or unconstitutionally the

employee exercised his or her discretion but whether the underlying function or

duty itself was a discretionary one.

The Supreme Court has explained that there is no discretion to exercise

when a "federal statute, regulation, or policy specifically prescribes a course of

action for an employee to follow.” Gaubert, 499 U.S. at 322, 111 S. Ct. at 1273

(emphasis added) (quoting Berkovitz v. United States, 486 U.S. 531, 536, 108 S.

Ct. 1954, 1958–59 (1988)). Only when a federal employee acts contrary to a

specific prescription in federal law—be it a statute, regulation, or policy—does the

discretionary function exception not apply. See id. at 322, 111 S. Ct. at 1273. The

Supreme Court has repeatedly said that the discretionary function exception

applies unless a source of federal law "specifically prescribes” a course of conduct.

Id. (quoting Berkovitz, 486 U.S. at 536, 108 S. Ct. at 1958–59).

Shivers points to no federal statute, regulation, or policy that specifically

prescribes a course of action that the prison employees here failed to follow. And,

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of course, the Eighth Amendment itself contains no such specific directives as to

inmate classifications or housing placements. Indeed, Shivers does not suggest on

appeal that the prison officials had no discretion in their classification and housing

placement decisions because of a directive from the Eighth Amendment that meets

Gaubert's test.

Further, the FTCA is not based on alleged constitutional violations, and a

plaintiff cannot circumvent the limitations on constitutional tort actions under

Bivens—including the qualified-immunity doctrine—by recasting the same

allegations (1) as a common-law tort claim under the FTCA that is not subject to

the discretionary function exception or (2) as negating the discretionary function

defense.

4

4

The Dissent argues that Berkovitz supports the position that unconstitutional conduct is

never "permissible exercise of policy judgment.” Diss. Op. at 25–27 (quoting Berkovitz, 486

U.S. at 539, 108 S. Ct. at 1960). However, Berkovitz, like Gaubert, actually shows why the

discretionary function exception applies to Shivers's FTCA claim. The Supreme Court in

Berkovitz instructed that conduct is discretionary if "it involves an element of judgment or

choice” and that the exception "protects the discretion of the executive . . . to act according to

one's judgment of the best course.” 486 U.S. at 536, 108 S. Ct. at 1958 (quotation marks

omitted). Indeed, the Supreme Court required that "a federal statute, regulation, or policy

specifically prescribe[] a course of action for an employee to follow” in order for the

discretionary function exception not to apply. Id. (emphasis added).

In Berkovitz, the Supreme Court emphasized that "a specific statutory and regulatory

directive” required that the government agency receive certain test data before issuing a vaccine

license, but the government agency issued the license without first obtaining the required test

data. Id. at 533, 540–43, 108 S. Ct. at 1957, 1961–62 (emphasis added). Thus, the government

agency had "no discretion to issue [the] license without first receiving the required test data; to

do so . . . violate[d] a specific statutory and regulatory directive.” Id. at 542–43, 108 S. Ct. at

1962. Berkovitz thus supports the government's position that the district court correctly

dismissed Shivers's FTCA claim as barred by the discretionary function exception under Cohen

because Shivers points to no specific statute, regulation, or policy that was violated.

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Third, a cogent analysis of why there is no "constitutional-claims exclusion”

to the statutory discretionary function exception (to the FTCA's waiver of sovereign

immunity) is found in two Seventh Circuit decisions: (1) Kiiskila v. United States,

466 F.2d 626 (7th Cir. 1972); and (2) Linder v. United States, 937 F.3d 1087 (7th

Cir. 2019), cert. denied, 141 S. Ct. 159 (2020). In Kiiskila, the plaintiff was the

civilian office manager of a credit union located on a military base. Id. at 626. The

base's commanding officer permanently barred the plaintiff from entry onto the

base—thereby costing the plaintiff her job—because of the plaintiff's alleged

violation of a base regulation. See id. at 626–27. In an earlier appeal in the case,

the Seventh Circuit held that the exclusion of the plaintiff from the base and the

resulting loss of her job violated the First Amendment. Id. at 627.

On remand, the plaintiff amended her complaint to add a claim for damages

under the FTCA. Id. The district court dismissed the FTCA claim based on the

discretionary function exception, and the Seventh Circuit affirmed, holding that "her

exclusion from Fort Sheridan was based upon Colonel Nichols' exercise of

discretion, albeit constitutionally repugnant, and therefore excepted her claim from

the reach of the [FTCA] under 28 U.S.C. § 2680(a).” Id. at 627–28 (emphasis

added). The Seventh Circuit noted that the officer's decision to enforce the

regulation against the plaintiff and his selection of the methods to accomplish that

enforcement were both discretionary functions, and stated:

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Of course, this is not to say the Colonel could not, through negligence

or wrongful exercise, have abused his discretion by enforcing the

regulation against activity "too far removed in terms of both distance

and time” to pass constitutional muster; we have already determined

the constitutional infirmity of the Colonel's exclusion. But 28 U.S.C.

§ 2680(a) precludes action for abuse of discretionary authority whether

through negligence or wrongfulness.

Since Colonel Nichols had discretion in choosing to apply the

regulation, the Government remains immune from liability under 28

U.S.C. § 2680(a).

Id. at 628 (citations omitted) (quoting Kiiskila v. Nichols, 433 F.2d 745, 751 (7th

Cir. 1970) (en banc)).

Similarly, Linder, another FTCA case, expressly addresses whether a

plaintiff's plausible allegation of unconstitutional conduct deprives the United

States of its sovereign immunity, which is otherwise preserved by § 2680(a)'s

discretionary function exception to the FTCA. Linder, 937 F.3d at 1090–91.

Although the district court in Linder concluded that the federal employee's conduct

violated the Sixth Amendment, the Seventh Circuit rejected the plaintiff's

argument that a constitutional violation defeats the discretionary function

exception to the FTCA's waiver of the United States's sovereign immunity. Id.

In Linder, the FTCA plaintiff made the same argument as Shivers—that "no

one has discretion to violate the Constitution.” Id. at 1090. The Seventh Circuit

rejected it because that principle has "nothing to do with the Federal Tort Claims

Act, which does not apply to constitutional violations.” Id. The Seventh Circuit

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reasoned that the FTCA applies to torts, as defined by state law, in "circumstances

where the United States, if a private person, would be liable to the claimant in

accordance with the law of the place where the act or omission occurred,” while

the Constitution governs the conduct of only public officials, not private ones. Id.

(quoting 28 U.S.C. § 1346(b)(1)). The Seventh Circuit explained:

[U]nless § 2680(a) is to be drained of meaning, it must apply to

discretionary acts that are tortious. That's the point of an exception: It

forecloses an award of damages that otherwise would be justified by a

tort. Nothing in subsection (a) suggests that some discretionary but

tortious acts are outside the FTCA while others aren't.

Id. at 1091.

Once the BOP's inmate-classification and housing-placement function is

determined to be a discretionary function, then tortious acts (including

unconstitutional tortious acts) in exercising that function fall within § 2680(a)'s

discretionary function exception. Prisoners can and should bring constitutional

claims against individual prison officials under Bivens for their unconstitutional

conduct, which is what Shivers did here against five prison employees. But a

prisoner's FTCA tort claim based on the government's tortious abuse of that

function—even unconstitutional tortious abuse—is barred by the statutory

discretionary function exception, as written and enacted.5

5

We acknowledge that there is a circuit split on this same discretionary function issue.

See Loumiet v. United States, 828 F.3d 935, 944–46 (D.C. Cir. 2016); Limone v. United States,

579 F.3d 79, 101–02 (1st Cir. 2009); Raz v. United States, 343 F.3d 945, 948 (8th Cir. 2003);

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Notably too, the Seventh Circuit in Linder explained that it was in part

because of "[t]he limited coverage of the FTCA, and its inapplicability to

constitutional torts” that the Supreme Court created Bivens actions against

individual federal employees in the first place. Id. at 1090. The Seventh Circuit

pointed out that "when, in the wake of Bivens, Congress adopted the Westfall Act

to permit the Attorney General to substitute the United States as a defendant in lieu

of a federal employee, it prohibited this step when the plaintiff's claim rests on the

Constitution.” Id. (citing 28 U.S.C. § 2679(b)(2)(A)). The Seventh Circuit

concluded, "[t]his leaves the FTCA as a means to seek damages for common-law

torts, without regard to constitutional theories.” Id.

Fourth, as we explain later, plaintiff Shivers failed to exhaust his

constitutional Bivens claim against the prison-employee defendants. Now that his

constitutional claim under Bivens is dismissed, Shivers cannot back-door into this

case his constitutional claim on the theory that the discretionary function defense is

precluded as to his FTCA state-law tort claim simply because he alleges the prison

employees' tortious acts were also unconstitutional. At bottom, Shivers cannot, by

alleging a constitutional violation, evade this Court's controlling Cohen precedent

Nurse v. United States, 226 F.3d 996, 1002 (9th Cir. 2000). These four other Circuits have

generally concluded that the discretionary function exception does not categorically bar FTCA

tort claims where the challenged government conduct or exercise of discretion also violated the

Constitution. While the Seventh Circuit is in the minority, we find its reasoning and analysis to

be more persuasive.

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that inmate-classification and housing-placement decisions "exemplif[y] the type

of case Congress must have had in mind when it enacted the discretionary function

exception.” Cohen, 151 F.3d at 1344.6

Shivers's flawed reasoning is also illustrated by how his constitutional-claim

exclusion rule would work in practice. As mentioned earlier, to prove an FTCA

tort claim, a plaintiff, like Shivers, must show negligence under state law. Yet to

defeat the United States's discretionary function defense to that state-law claim, a

plaintiff would have the burden to prove the challenged tortious conduct also

violated the Eighth Amendment. Here that means Shivers must prove the prison

employees acted with deliberate indifference to a known substantial risk of serious

harm to the plaintiff.7

Both types of claims—state tort law and federal

constitutional law—would need to be tried in the singular FTCA case. And the

district court would have to instruct the jury that, even if the plaintiff proves the

6

To be clear, deciding whether the district court properly dismissed Shivers's FTCA tort

claim—as barred by the discretionary function exception—does not depend upon whether

Shivers did or did not file a Bivens claim. Even if Shivers had never filed a Bivens claim, the

district court still properly dismissed his FTCA tort claim as barred by the discretionary function

exception. We mention the "back-door” reentry of Shivers's Bivens claim only because he did

file a Bivens claim that is now dismissed for failure to exhaust.

7

Federal constitutional law requires that to state an Eighth Amendment claim, a plaintiff

must show the prison employee acted with deliberate indifference to a known substantial risk of

serious harm to the plaintiff, which requires that the prison employee "actually (subjectively)

knew that an inmate faced a substantial risk of serious harm.” See, e.g., Mosley v. Zachery, 966

F.3d 1265, 1270 (11th Cir. 2020) (alterations accepted). This is far different from a negligence

claim under state law.

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prison employees were negligent under state law, the discretionary function

defense bars that state-law claim against the United States unless the plaintiff also

proves his federal constitutional claim that the same prison employees were

deliberately indifferent to a substantial risk of serious harm and thereby violated

his clearly established Eighth Amendment rights.8

Fifth and finally, we recognize Shivers cites dicta in Denson v. United

States, 574 F.3d 1318 (11th Cir. 2009), arguing in that case we "endorsed” the

view that because "government officials lack discretion to violate constitutional

rights,” the discretionary function defense would not be available to the United

States in an FTCA case. Supp. Reply Br. at 4–5 (quoting Denson, 574 F.3d at

1336–37) (internal quotation marks omitted). Two observations.

First, Denson spoke of a successfully established Bivens claim in the same

case, not a dismissed Bivens claim for failure to exhaust. Second, Shivers does not

8 Shivers and the Dissent cite Owen v. City of Independence, 445 U.S. 622, 100 S. Ct.

1398 (1980), for the proposition that the government has no discretion to violate the

Constitution, but that is not an FTCA case. The plaintiff Owen, a discharged employee, brought

a 42 U.S.C. § 1983 constitutional claim against the City, the City Manager, and the City Council

members for a violation of his Fourteenth Amendment rights because he was discharged without

notice of reasons and a hearing. Id. at 624, 629–30, 100 S. Ct. at 1402, 1404–05. In a five–four

decision, the Supreme Court concluded that the City was not immune from suit under § 1983 for

constitutional violations, that § 1983 "creates a species of tort liability that on its face admits of

no immunities,” and that the City may not assert the good faith of its officers as a defense. Id. at

635–39, 100 S. Ct. at 1407–09 (quotation marks omitted).

Unlike Owen, this case involves § 2680(a)'s statutory discretionary function defense to

the FTCA liability that creates a broad exception to the FTCA's waiver of sovereign immunity.

The 1980 Owen decision was also well before the 1991 Gaubert decision that instructed courts

on precisely how to determine if a "function or duty” was discretionary for purposes of

§ 2680(a). Owen does not support Shivers's position.

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contend that this Court's statement in Denson was a holding, nor could he contend

as much. In Denson, an airplane passenger brought suit: (1) against the customs

officials under Bivens for intrusively searching her without probable cause, in

violation of her Fourth and Fifth Amendment rights; and (2) against the United

States under the FTCA, primarily based on Florida tort law. 574 F.3d at 1323,

1333. Ultimately, the district court concluded that the Bivens claims were barred

by 28 U.S.C. § 2676 and that the plaintiff failed to prove her FTCA claim because

she did not show that the customs officials committed the state-law torts she

alleged. Id. at 1333–35. The district court's rulings were not based on § 2680(a)'s

discretionary function exception. See id.

On appeal, this Court determined that (1) the plaintiff's Bivens claim failed

because she did not show that the customs officials violated the Fourth

Amendment, and (2) the FTCA claim failed because her state-law tort claims were

barred by the Supremacy Clause. See id. at 1344–45. This Court concluded that

"we need not consider the applicability of the discretionary function exception and

whether jurisdiction exists to entertain them.” Id. at 1345. As Shivers concedes,

Denson's comments on the discretionary function defense's applicability to

unconstitutional tortious conduct are merely dicta. And we have not applied

Denson's dicta regarding the discretionary function defense in any subsequent

published opinion.

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For all of these reasons, we affirm the district court's dismissal of Shivers's

FTCA state-law tort claim as barred by § 2680(a)'s discretionary function defense.

III. BIVENS CLAIM

The Prison Litigation Reform Act ("PLRA”) requires prisoners to exhaust

all available administrative remedies before bringing a Bivens claim. See 42

U.S.C. § 1997e(a). Because the failure to exhaust is "treated as a matter in

abatement and not an adjudication on the merits,” the district court may consider

facts outside the pleadings "so long as the factual disputes do not decide the merits

and the parties have sufficient opportunity to develop a record.” Bryant v. Rich,

530 F.3d 1368, 1376 (11th Cir. 2008) (footnote omitted).

"[D]eciding a motion to dismiss for failure to exhaust administrative

remedies is a two-step process.” Turner v. Burnside, 541 F.3d 1077, 1082 (11th

Cir. 2008). First, the court evaluates the factual allegations in the motion to

dismiss and the response. Id. If they conflict, the court accepts the plaintiff's

version as true. Id. "If, in that light, the defendant is entitled to have the complaint

dismissed for failure to exhaust administrative remedies, it must be dismissed.” Id.

Second, if the complaint would not be subject to dismissal, "the court then

proceeds to make specific findings in order to resolve the disputed factual issues

related to exhaustion.” Id.

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A plaintiff must follow a four-step process to exhaust his administrative

remedies with the BOP. See 28 C.F.R. §§ 542.13(a), 542.14(a), 542.15(a). Here,

the only step at issue is the fourth and final step: the appeal to the BOP's General

Counsel at the Central Office in Washington, D.C. (BP-11 form). See § 542.15(a).

The inmate must "date and sign the Appeal,” § 542.15(b)(3), and "a Request or

Appeal is considered filed on the date it is logged into the Administrative Remedy

Index as received,” 28 C.F.R. § 542.18.

First, Shivers argues that the district court erred by engaging in fact-finding

without giving him adequate opportunity to conduct discovery to verify whether he

submitted his BP-11 form. We disagree.9

Shivers had adequate opportunity to

develop the record on his Bivens claim; indeed, he obtained declarations and

attached them to his response to the government's motion to dismiss. See Bryant,

530 F.3d at 1377. Further, as Shivers did not request an evidentiary hearing and

the district court dismissed his Bivens claim without prejudice, the district court

was within its discretion to "resolve material questions of fact on submitted papers

for the PLRA's exhaustion of remedies requirement.” See id. at 1377 n.16.

9

We review a dismissal for failure to exhaust administrative remedies under 42 U.S.C.

§ 1997e(a) de novo, but we review the district court's findings of fact related to exhaustion for

clear error. Alexander v. Hawk, 159 F.3d 1321, 1323 (11th Cir. 1998); see Bryant, 530 F.3d at

1377.

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Second, Shivers claims the district court's finding that he failed to file his

BP-11 form was clearly erroneous. It was not; substantial evidence supports the

district court's finding. The government submitted a declaration by a BOP

paralegal specialist stating that "Shivers failed to submit his appeal at the Central

Office level.” The declaration included an exhibit showing no entry of a BP-11

form in the BOP's SENTRY system. Because an appeal "is considered filed on the

date it is logged into the Administrative Remedy Index as received,” the district

court could rely on the declaration and exhibit. See § 542.18. Further, the BP-11

form attached to Shivers's declaration, which he declared was a "true and correct

copy” of the form he submitted, was unsigned. Therefore, the district court

correctly concluded that Shivers's unsigned form would not have been acceptable

even if it had been received by the Central Office. See § 542.15(b)(3).

In sum, we affirm (1) the district court’s dismissal of Shivers’s FTCA claim

as barred by the discretionary function exception in 28 U.S.C. § 2680(a), and

(2) the district court’s dismissal without prejudice of Shivers’s Bivens claim for

lack of subject matter jurisdiction.



AFFIRMED