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Rai v. WB Imico Lexington Fee
Date: 09-27-2015
Case Number: 14-1916 (L)
Judge: Hon. Raymond J. Lohier
Court: UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS2 FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT3
Plaintiff's Attorney: Meredith Fuchs, To‐Quyen Truong, John R. Coleman, Nandan Joshi, Jessica Rank Divine
Defendant's Attorney: LAWRENCE C. WEINER, RICHARD H. DOLAN
the Rais decided to purchase an apartment in a condominium building, called6
“The Lucida,” then being erected on East 85th Street in Manhattan. Imico was7
The Lucida’s developer and sponsor. The Rais identified their attorney on the transaction, John Lewin, to Imico. 9
On October 29, 2007, a legal assistant working for Imico hand‐delivered to Lewin10
a packet of documents including the property report required by § 1703(a)(1)(B)11
(the “Property Report” or “Report”) and the condominium’s Offering Plan. The12
packet was accompanied by a cover letter, which asked Lewin to review the13
enclosed documents with the Rais and to return a receipt, signed by the Rais,14
acknowledging their receipt of the documents. The receipt included a notice that15
Imico was required to provide purchasers with the Property Report before16
entering into any contract, and that the Rais’ signatures would indicate their17
acknowledgment that they had received a copy of the Property Report. No18
signed copy of that receipt has been produced. Although the Rais do not dispute19
that their attorney received the Property Report, they allege that they themselves1
never saw or received a copy.2
On November 12, 2007, the Rais entered into a contract with Imico (the3
“Purchase Agreement”) to purchase Apartment 8C in The Lucida for a price of4
$4,287,466. The Purchase Agreement required the Rais to make a down payment5
of fifteen percent of the total purchase price of the apartment, or $643,119.90. The6
Agreement included the following notice:7
IF YOU DID NOT RECEIVE A PROPERTY REPORT8 PREPARED PURSUANT TO THE REGULATIONS OF9 THE OFFICE OF INTERSTATE LAND SALES10 REGULATION, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING AND11 URBAN DEVELOPMENT, IN ADVANCE OF YOUR12 SIGNING THE CONTRACT OR AGREEMENT, THE13 CONTRACT OR AGREEMENT MAY BE CANCELED AT14 YOUR OPTION FOR TWO YEARS FROM THE DATE OF15 SIGNING.16 17 Joint App’x 39.18
On November 9, 2009, after construction on The Lucida was completed, the19
Rais’ new attorney, Alan Wasserman, sent a letter to Imico informing it that the20
Rais had not received the Property Report and were exercising their right to21
rescind the Purchase Agreement. The letter also requested the return of the Rais’22
down payment plus all accrued interest.23
7
Disputing the Rais’ claim that they were entitled to rescind the Purchase1
Agreement, Imico proceeded to set a date scheduled for the closing on2
Apartment 8C. The Rais did not attend the closing. On July 16, 2010, Imico3
informed the Rais by letter that they were terminating the Purchase Agreement4
for default, and that the Rais’ default entitled Imico to retain their deposit and5
any accrued interest.6
PROCEDURAL HISTORY7
On November 18, 2009, the Rais filed suit, alleging that Imico had violated8
ILSA’s § 1703(a)(1)(B) by failing to furnish the Property Report to them in9
advance of the execution of the Purchase Agreement, and arguing that such10
failure entitled the Rais to “rescission and revocation of the Purchase Agreement,11
return of the deposits pursuant to 15 U.S.C. § 1703(e) and other damages.” Joint12
App’x 22. The Rais also sought attorneys’ fees, costs, and pre‐ and post‐13
judgment interest. 14
The Rais subsequently amended their complaint to include two additional15
counts – also brought in separate actions by other purchasers of apartments in16
The Lucida – that Imico had violated §§ 1703(d)(1) and 1703(d)(3) of ILSA by,17
respectively, (1) failing to provide an adequate description of the unit in the18
8
Purchase Agreement by omitting a tax lot number, and (2) including in the1
Purchase Agreement a liquidated damages clause that did not comply with2
§ 1703(d)(3). Imico counterclaimed for breach of contract. 3
On March 19, 2012, in a decision addressing the Rais’ claims along with4
those of the other Lucida plaintiffs, the district court granted summary judgment5
to all plaintiffs on the ground that Imico had violated ILSA § 1703(d)(1) by not6
providing tax lot numbers in the plaintiffs’ purchase agreements. Accordingly,7
the court denied summary judgment to Imico on their breach of contract8
counterclaim and held that plaintiffs were entitled to rescind their purchase9
agreements and recover their deposits. Because the court granted summary10
judgment on that claim, it declined to reach the Rais’ claims under11
§ 1703(a)(1)(B), regarding the Property Report, and § 1703(d)(3), regarding the12
liquidated damages provision in the Purchase Agreement.13
Subsequently, this Court issued a decision interpreting § 1703(d)(1) of14
ILSA. See Bacolitsas v. 86th & 3rd Owner, LLC, 702 F.3d 673 (2d Cir. 2012). In15
light of that decision, on February 8, 2013, Imico moved the district court to16
vacate its previous order, arguing that Bacolitsas foreclosed plaintiffs’ claim that17
failure to include tax lot numbers in the purchase agreements rendered their18
9
“description[s] of the lot[s]” deficient under § 1703(d)(1). The district court1
agreed and therefore vacated its award of summary judgment to all plaintiffs on2
their claims based on that provision. The court also held that Bacolitsas similarly3
foreclosed plaintiffs’ argument that the Agreement’s liquidated damages4
provision violated § 1703(d)(3). Having held that Imico had complied with §§5
1703(d)(1) and 1703(d)(3) of ILSA, the court granted summary judgment to Imico6
on its breach of contract counterclaims against nearly all the plaintiffs and held7
that Imico was entitled to retain those plaintiffs’ deposits, less any interest earned8
in escrow.9
As to the Rais, however, the district court again concluded that Imico had10
violated ILSA. Now having to reach the Rais’ claim under § 1703(a)(1)(B), the11
district court held that Imico’s failure to furnish the Property Report directly to12
the Rais prior to executing the Purchase Agreement violated that provision. The13
Rais, the court held, were therefore still entitled to rescission of the Purchase14
Agreement and the return of their deposit. 15
On May 12, 2014, the district court denied the Rais’ motion for attorneys’16
fees and costs but granted them pre‐judgment interest on their deposit at the17
18
10
post‐judgment statutory rate set forth in 28 U.S.C. § 1961(a), less any interest that1
deposit accrued while in escrow.2
Imico appealed the judgment of the district court, and the Rais cross‐3
appealed. 4
DISCUSSION5
We review de novo the district court’s conclusions of law interpreting6
ILSA, including its grant of summary judgment to the Rais based on7
§ 1703(a)(1)(B) of ILSA, its ruling that Imico’s failure to provide a tax lot number8
in the Rais’ Purchase Agreement did not violate ILSA § 1703(d)(1), and its9
interpretation of § 1703(d)(3) of ILSA to require Imico to return any interest10
earned on the Rais’ deposit while in escrow.2 See Bacolitsas, 702 F.3d at 678;11
Bodansky, 635 F.3d at 82.12
I. § 1703(a)(1)(B): The Property Report13
The Rais’ claim that Imico violated § 1703(a)(1)(B) rests on a strict14
interpretation of that provision’s use of the word “purchaser.” The Rais maintain15
2 Because we reverse the district court’s holding that Imico violated1 § 1703(a)(1)(B) of ILSA, we need not address whether the district court abused its2 discretion in awarding pre‐judgment interest to the Rais. Imico concedes that,3 should we reverse the district court’s liability finding, that issue is moot.4
11
that the statute requires delivery of the Property Report directly into the hands of1
the purchaser himself or herself, and that delivery to an attorney representing the2
purchaser in the transaction therefore does not suffice. They argue that their3
interpretation is supported by the statute’s plain meaning, canons of statutory4
construction, the statute’s overall remedial purpose, and the administrative5
regulations promulgated under ILSA. We address those arguments in turn.6
A. Plain Meaning and Canons of Interpretation7
Among the “[r]equirements respecting [the] sale or lease of lots” that ILSA8
enumerates in the following:9
It shall be unlawful for any developer or agent, directly10 or indirectly, to make use of any means or instruments11 of transportation or communication in interstate12 commerce, or of the mails . . . to sell or lease any lot13 unless a printed property report, meeting the14 requirements of section 1707 of this title, has been15 furnished to the purchaser or lessee in advance of the16 signing of any contract or agreement by such purchaser17 or lessee . . . .18 19 15 U.S.C. § 1703(a)(1)(B). 20
The Rais emphasize that ILSA requires the report to be furnished to the21
purchaser, and that the statute defines a “purchaser” as “an actual or prospective22
purchaser or lessee of any lot in a subdivision,” see id. § 1701(10) – a definition23
12
that makes no reference to any agent. ILSA nowhere uses the term “agent” in1
connection with a purchaser; that term, however, is used throughout the statute2
in connection with developers. Indeed, the statute defines an “agent” as “any3
person who represents, or acts for or on behalf of, a developer in selling or leasing,4
or offering to sell or lease, any lot or lots in a subdivision.” Id. § 1701(6)5
(emphasis added). Moreover, the Rais note, attorneys are expressly excluded6
from ILSA’s definition of “agent” when their “representation of another person7
consists solely of rendering legal services.” See id. 8
The Rais argue that “purchaser” in § 1703(a)(1)(B) must be interpreted to9
exclude any agent or attorney acting on a purchaser’s behalf. First, they argue10
that their construction is required by the statute’s plain meaning. Indeed, “when11
[a] statute’s language is plain, the sole function of the courts – at least where the12
disposition required by the text is not absurd – is to enforce it according to its13
terms.” Lamie v. U.S. Trustee, 540 U.S. 526, 534 (2004); see also Lee v. Bankers14
Trust Co., 166 F.3d 540, 544 (2d Cir. 1999) (“It is axiomatic that the plain meaning15
of a statute controls its interpretation, and that judicial review must end at the16
statute’s unambiguous terms.”) (internal citation omitted). Second, the Rais17
invoke the interpretive canon of expressio unius est exclusio alterius to argue that18
13
the statute’s express inclusion of the term “agent” with respect to developers, and1
its precise definition of “agent,” confirms its drafters’ intention to exclude from2
any definition of “agent” any attorney or other agent of a purchaser.3
The district court agreed with the Rais that those arguments “indicate[]4
that Congress was cognizant of agency principles when drafting ILSA; chose to5
define the term ‘agent’ in a highly restrictive fashion that relates only to6
developers and not to purchasers; and – in excluding attorneys – adopted a7
definition that is not consistent with common law principles.” Rai v. WB Imico8
Lexington Fee, LLC, No. 09 Civ. 9586, 2013 WL 5420940, at *9 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 27,9
2013). According to the district court, “[i]t would be anomalous to conclude that10
Congress intended ‘purchaser’ to include agents when Congress chose to define11
‘agent’ as a ‘person who represents, or acts for or on behalf of, a developer.” Id.12
(emphasis in original).13
In our view, however, neither the word “purchaser” specifically nor14
§ 1703(a)(1)(B) more generally warrants such a restrictive interpretation. At the15
outset, we are unpersuaded by the Rais’ plain meaning argument. The terms of16
the statute do not plainly compel their interpretation. The language to be17
interpreted is not the word “purchaser” in isolation – we have no doubt that it18
14
refers to the party actually purchasing the property – but rather the full phrase of1
which it forms a part. ILSA requires that a copy of the Property Report be2
“furnished to the purchaser.” The Rais argue that they, the “purchaser[s],” were3
not “furnished” with a copy of the Report, because one was not delivered to4
them. But the language of the statute is at least equally consistent with Imico’s5
claim that it “furnished” the Rais with a copy of the report by delivering one to6
the attorney who was acting on their behalf in connection with the transaction. 7
Since the meaning of the language of the provision is not plain, we must look8
beyond “plain meaning” to interpret it. 9
Ambiguous language in statutes should be interpreted in light of10
background legal concepts and ordinary commercial practice. See Viacom Int’l,11
Inc. v. YouTube, Inc., 676 F.3d 19, 35 (2d Cir. 2012) (“As a general matter, we12
interpret a statute to abrogate a common law principle only if the statute speaks13
directly to the question addressed by the common law.”) (internal quotation14
marks omitted). As the district court, notwithstanding its ultimate conclusion,15
recognized, Rai, 2013 WL 5420940, at *9, the Rais’ interpretation defies traditional16
common law principles of agency and conflicts with the usual course of dealing17
in transactions in which parties are represented by attorneys. These established18
15
common law principles of agency support the interpretation urged by Imico: that1
delivery of a Property Report to a purchaser’s designated attorney constitutes2
“furnish[ing]” a copy of the Report to the purchaser and complies with ILSA.33
We begin with a proposition fundamental to the law of agency. “For most4
purposes, a person can properly create a power in an agent to achieve the same5
legal consequences by the performance of an act as if he himself had personally6
acted.” American Law Institute, Restatement (Second) of Agency § 17, cmt. a7
(1958). More specifically, “[a] person has notice of a fact if his agent has8
knowledge of the fact, reason to know it or should know it, or has been given a9
notification of it.” Id. § 9(3). See also Restatement (Third) of Agency § 5.02 (“A10
notification given to an agent is effective as notice to the principal if the agent has11
3 The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (“CFPB”), which is now responsible1 for administering ILSA, see the Dodd‐Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer2 Protection Act, Pub. L. No. 111‐203, sections 1061(b)(7) and 1098A, 124 Stat. 1376,3 2038, 2105 (2010), codified at 12 U.S.C. § 5581(b)(7) and 15 U.S.C. §§ 1715, 17184 (2012), and whose views on the question the Court solicited, concurs in this5 conclusion, advising that in its view ILSA “permit[s] a developer to comply with6 § 1703 by delivering the property report to the purchaser’s designated agent.” 7 CFPB Amicus Br. 12‐13. We afford the CFPB’s interpretation Skidmore deference8 “on account of the specialized experience and information available to the9 agency,” and because the “reasonable determination . . . advanced in [its] amicus10 brief . . . is not a post hoc rationalization.” See Conn. Office of Prot. and11 Advocacy For Pers. With Disabilities v. Hartford Bd. of Educ., 464 F.3d 229, 23912 (2d Cir. 2006) (citing Skidmore v. Swift & Co., 323 U.S. 134, 139 (1944)).13
16
actual or apparent authority to receive the notification . . . .”); id. § 5.03 (“[N]otice1
of a fact that an agent knows or has reason to know is imputed to the principal if2
knowledge of the fact is material to the agent’s duties to the principal . . . .”). 3
Where, as here, a third party has no reason to believe that an agent will shirk his4
duties to the principal, that party’s provision of a document to a clearly5
designated agent, particularly with instructions to review the document with the6
principal, satisfies any duty of notification under ordinary circumstances. See id.7
§ 5.02; see also Corporacion de Mercadeo Agricola v. Mellon Bank Int’l, 608 F.2d8
43, 46 (2d Cir. 1979) (where revocation notice was sent to corporation, knowledge9
of revocation was imputed to corporation, even where sent to the wrong bureau,10
because “[n]otice to the agent . . . is notice to the principal, unless the person11
giving notice has reason to know that the agent has no duty to or will not12
transmit the message to the principal.”). 13
It is well established, moreover, that an attorney retained either for14
litigation or to represent a party in the course of a transaction is that party’s15
agent. “The relationship between an attorney and the client he or she represents16
in a lawsuit is one of agent and principal.” Veal v. Geraci, 23 F.3d 722, 725 (2d17
Cir. 1994). In connection with a transaction, “it is an agent’s duty to18
communicate to his principal the knowledge he has concerning the subject of1
negotiation and there is a presumption that he will perform that duty. . . . The2
rational explanation . . . is that common justice requires that one who puts3
forward an agent to do his business should not escape the consequences of notice4
to, or knowledge of, his agent.” Munroe v. Harriman, 85 F.2d 493, 495 (2d Cir.5
1936). The proper course of dealing in both litigation and transactions in which6
parties are represented by counsel is to direct all legal documents through7
counsel. See, e.g., Fed. R. Civ. P. 5(b)(1) (“If a party is represented by an attorney,8
service . . . must be made on the attorney unless the court orders service on the9
party.”).10
In contrast, the Rais have not pointed us to a single instance where delivery11
of a document required by statute or rule to a represented party’s attorney has12
been held insufficient to meet a disclosure obligation. Absent a clear expression13
to the contrary in ILSA, then, Imico’s provision of the Property Report to the14
Rais’ attorney was sufficient to meet ILSA’s mandate that the Property Report be15
“furnished” or “given” to the purchaser. See 15 U.S.C. § 1703(a)(1)(B), 1703(c).16
17
There is no such contrary indication in ILSA. First, the statute nowhere18
18
states that the Property Report must be given directly to a purchaser, rather than1
to the purchaser’s attorney. The use of the passive verbs “furnished” and2
“given” indicates that the purchaser must be provided with a copy of the Report. 3
Neither provision states, however, that the developer must hand the Report4
directly to the purchaser, and not to the purchaser’s attorney, who likely handles5
all other documents relevant to the transaction. Indeed, even where an attorney6
is not involved in the transaction, it would be peculiar to interpret the statute as7
forbidding the developer to satisfy its obligation to furnish the Report to a8
purchaser by providing a copy to the purchaser’s agent. Has a developer not9
“furnished” the purchaser with a copy of the Report if he hands it to a messenger10
dispatched by the purchaser to receive it? Or if he leaves it with the purchaser’s11
secretary or receptionist?4 12
Nor are we persuaded by the Rais’ argument that the ordinary rules of13
agency do not apply under ILSA because the statute expressly defines “agents”14
as persons acting on behalf of developers, and excludes attorneys from the15
definition of “agent.” 15 U.S.C. § 1701(6). The statute defines “agent” as that16
4 Indeed, as the CFPB notes, if the purchaser is a corporation, it can only be1 furnished a document by supplying the document to one of its human agents. 2 CFPB Amicus Br. 12.3
19
term is used in ILSA itself; it does not purport to overturn ordinary legal1
principles or trump normal business practices in interpreting provisions of ILSA2
that do not use that term. ILSA uses the term “agent” only in reference to3
developers, and only in making clear that the obligations on developers also4
apply to their agents (but not to attorneys acting on their behalf).5 See, e.g., 155
U.S.C. § 1703(a) (making it “unlawful for any developer or agent” to engage in6
certain activities); § 1706(e) (authorizing the Bureau to access the books and7
papers of “the developer, any agents, or any other person”); § 1709(a)8
(authorizing private actions against “a developer or agent”). That Congress was9
silent as to the role of attorneys representing purchasers in such transactions is10
5 We agree with Imico’s suggestion that the exclusion of attorneys in this context1 is intended “to avoid intruding on the attorney‐client relationship, or to impose2 on an attorney a disclosure obligation that could possibly conflict with the3 attorney‐client privilege.” Appellants’ Br. 23. There is no reason to believe that,4 in connection with the notice obligation in § 1703(a)(1)(B), which does not refer to5 “agents” at all, the exclusion of attorneys from the definition of “agent” is6 somehow meant to provide that handing the Property Report to an employee of a7 purchaser such as a receptionist or messenger counts as furnishing the Report to8 the purchaser, while giving one to the purchaser’s attorney does not. The CFPB9 also agrees, noting that “the exclusion of attorneys from ILSA’s definition of10 ‘agent’ has no relevance. The exclusion simply means that attorneys will not11 be held liable as ‘agents’ under ILSA; it does not suggest that attorneys cannot act12 as a purchaser’s agent with respect to the receipt of property reports from a13 developer.” CFPB Amicus Br. 17 n.8 (internal citation omitted).14
20
unsurprising, since Congress did not seek to impose any new obligations on1
purchasers or on those acting on their behalf. Such silence does not evince a2
specific intent to overturn ordinary principles of the law of agency, or to require3
delivery of required documents personally to purchasers rather than to their4
agents, including attorneys. As the Supreme Court has recently reminded us, in5
interpreting acts of Congress, a court’s “duty . . . is to construe statutes, not6
isolated provisions.” King v. Burwell, 135 S. Ct. 2480, 2489 (2015) (internal7
quotation marks omitted). The statute’s overall scheme aims to combat8
unscrupulous practices on the part of developers, not to upend the usual9
mechanics of real estate transactions for both developers and purchasers. 10
The Rais’ argument that the expressio unius canon of statutory construction11
further demonstrates that the statute excludes altogether attorneys acting on12
behalf of purchasers is similarly unpersuasive. That canon “has force only when13
the items expressed are members of an associated group or series, justifying the14
inference that items not mentioned were excluded by deliberate choice, not15
inadvertence.” Barnhart v. Peabody Coal Co., 537 U.S. 149, 168 (2003) (internal16
quotation marks omitted). Rather than setting forth a “series of two or more17
terms or things that should be understood to go hand in hand, thus raising the18
21
inference that a similar unlisted term was deliberately excluded,” Frank G. v. Bd.1
of Educ. of Hyde Park, 459 F.3d 356, 370 (2d Cir. 2006) (internal quotation marks2
omitted), ILSA simply defines “agent,” as that term is specifically used in various3
provisions of the statute in connection with developers, and fails to reference4
agency in connection to purchasers in other provisions. Such an approach does5
not present an “associated group or series” that calls to mind a conspicuously6
absent item. On both a conceptual and a linguistic level, then, there is no7
indication that ILSA’s drafters “considered the unnamed possibility and meant to8
say no to it.” Barnhart, 537 U.S. at 168. Under these circumstances, the statute’s9
silence does not warrant an expressio unius inference.6 10
Neither the text of ILSA nor any applicable canon of interpretation11
suggests an intent on the part of Congress to deviate from ordinary common law12
agency principles in connection with the provision of notices, or to disrupt the13
ordinary industry practice in real estate transactions of providing documents to a14
party’s attorney where that party has designated one. Nor have the Rais pointed15
6 Moreover, even if the canon were applicable, we are not to treat “as conclusive1 the inference that Congress intended to exclude that which it did not explicitly2 include,” but rather to view the canon “as but an aid to construction.” Frank G.,3 459 F.3d at 370.4
22
to any legislative history suggesting such an intent.1
B. ILSA’s Purpose2
The Rais also cite ILSA’s overall remedial purpose in support of their3
interpretation of § 1701(a)(1)(B). They argue that requiring delivery of a property4
report to purchasers directly, rather than to their attorneys, furthers ILSA’s5
comprehensive disclosure goals by making it more likely that buyers will6
actually receive the required information, and will receive it sufficiently in7
advance of their execution of a contract.8
But permitting delivery of a property report through an attorney – where a9
party has opted to be represented by an attorney for purposes of the transaction –10
is equally consistent with ILSA’s consumer protection purpose. Here, the Rais11
notified Imico that they had retained an attorney, and under such circumstances,12
consumer protection interests are unlikely to be furthered by requiring the13
developer to disregard the purchasers’ preference for representation by counsel14
and to deliver the Property Report, unlike the other offering documents, directly15
to the purchaser. As Imico notes, it is precisely for consumer protection purposes16
that parties choose to retain counsel to provide them with advice and assistance,17
especially in the case of large transactions such as the Rais’ purchase here in18
23
excess of four million dollars. It is of no moment that “at the inception of the1
transaction and before a purchase agreement is signed – the point at which the2
Act mandates that the Property Report be supplied – purchasers often are not3
even represented by counsel.” Appellees’ Br. 26. Imico merely argues that, in the4
instances in which they are so represented, ILSA’s consumer protection goal is5
furthered by heeding, not ignoring, purchasers’ desire to conduct the transaction6
through counsel. We agree.7 Where parties to large commercial transactions are7
represented by lawyers, the vast majority of documents will be reviewed by8
counsel in the first instance, and we see no reason why the Property Report9
should not be entrusted to counsel in accordance with a purchaser’s wishes. As10
with other documents, where the developer has provided a copy to the party’s11
designated attorney, the developer has fulfilled his obligations under12
§ 1703(a)(1)(B).13
Practical considerations also militate in favor of Imico’s interpretation of14
7 So does the CFPB, the agency tasked not only specifically with administering1 ILSA, but more generally with protecting the interests of consumers in financial2 transactions: “[A]llowing purchasers the flexibility to appoint agents to manage3 their ILSA‐covered transactions is consistent with ILSA’s statutory purpose. . . . 4 None of [its] purposes are undermined if, instead of reviewing the property5 report directly, the consumer elects to hire counsel to receive and review the6 relevant materials.” CFPB Amicus Br. 20‐21.7
24
the statute. For example, delivery directly to a purchaser may prove difficult in1
some instances, and a developer or the developer’s agent might, for example,2
leave a copy with a purchaser’s assistant, a messenger, or a receptionist. We find3
it difficult to believe that Congress intended to forbid any such method of4
delivery, yet the Rais’ interpretation would demand delivery directly into the5
hands of a purchaser, excluding any agent at all – whether messenger, attorney,6
or assistant – on pain of rescission of the entire contract. Additionally, the7
common practice of forming a corporation, limited liability company, or family8
trust for the purpose of purchasing real estate would present perplexing9
questions were we to adopt the Rais’ interpretation. Where the purchaser has10
done so, it makes even more sense to assume that relevant documents will, and11
should, be routed through the relevant entity’s attorney. As noted above, in the12
case of a corporation, the only way to furnish notice of a fact is through an agent. 13
Nothing in ILSA suggests that Congress intended to foreclose or complicate that14
manner of conducting real estate transactions.15
16
17
C. Administrative Regulations18
25
Finally, the Rais point to the administrative regulations promulgated1
under ILSA by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development2
(“HUD”), and subsequently reissued by the CFPB,8 which require that several3
cautionary statements be incorporated, jot‐for‐jot, in the Property Report. For4
example, the cover page must contain the exhortation: “READ THIS PROPERTY5
REPORT BEFORE SIGNING ANYTHING,” 12 C.F.R. § 1010.105(b), and the next6
page must remind the purchaser to “read all warnings carefully before signing7
any contract or agreement,” id. § 1010.107. Finally, the receipt must state: “We8
must give you a copy of this Property Report and give you an opportunity to9
read it before you sign any contract or agreement. By signing this receipt, you10
acknowledge that you have received a copy of our Property Report.” Id.11
§ 1010.118, Appendix; see also Joint App’x 318 (unsigned receipt form provided12
to the Rais’ attorney). According to the Rais, the cautionary statements and use13
of the second‐person pronoun in this required document further demonstrate14
that the report must be given to the actual purchaser, rather than to the15
purchaser’s agent.16
But these requirements tell us nothing more than is inherent in the17
8 As noted above, the CFPB is now entrusted with the rulemaking authority1 under ILSA that was formerly granted to HUD. See 12 U.S.C. § 5581(b)(7).2
26
statutory provision itself: that the Property Report is intended to be “furnish[ed]1
to the purchaser.” 15 U.S.C. § 1703(a)(1)(b). Its content is addressed to the2
purchaser, and the developer is required to make it available to the purchaser. 3
Neither the overall wording of the Report and receipt nor the use of the second4
person, however, suggests that the delivery of the Property Report to the5
purchaser through an agent such as the purchaser’s attorney violates the statute. 6
The CFPB confirms this conclusion, advising that its regulations “do not purport7
to address the method by which a property report must be delivered to8
purchasers who have hired an attorney to represent them.” CFPB Amicus Br. 13.99
In sum, we conclude, based on the provision’s text as informed by10
principles of statutory construction, the purpose of the statute, and the11
administrative regulations promulgated under the statute, that delivery of a12
Property Report to a party’s designated attorney complies with § 1703(a)(1)(B) of13
ILSA. Imico therefore acted in accordance with that provision, and the Rais are14
not entitled to rescind the Purchase Agreement on the basis of that provision.15
9 The Rais have not contended that the Imico’s apparent failure to secure and1 retain a signed copy of the receipt violates ILSA or warrants the extreme remedy2 of rescission. We therefore do not consider whether such an argument would3 have merit.4
27
II. § 1703(d)(1): Tax Lot Numbers1
In their cross‐appeal, the Rais argue that the district court erred in2
vacating, in light of this Court’s decision in Bacolitsas, its previous decision that3
Imico’s failure to include tax lot numbers for the individual units in the Lucida4
plaintiffs’ purchase agreements violated a different provision of ILSA,5
§ 1703(d)(1). We reject the Rais’ argument that the failure to provide a tax lot6
number renders Imico’s “description of the[ir] lot” under § 1703(d)(1) deficient,7
and agree with the district court that Bacolitsas forecloses such a claim.8
ILSA provides that a purchaser may revoke, within two years of the date of9
signing, “[a]ny contract or agreement which is for the sale or lease of a10
lot . . . which does not provide . . . a description of the lot which makes such lot11
clearly identifiable and which is in a form acceptable for recording by the12
appropriate public official responsible for maintaining land records in the13
jurisdiction in which the lot is located.” 15 U.S.C. § 1703(d)(1). According to the14
Rais, that provision required that the tax lot number of the unit they were15
purchasing be included in the Purchase Agreement, both because that16
information would be required in a deed conveying the unit in order for it to be17
acceptable to the Office of the City Register in Manhattan – the “appropriate18
28
public official for maintaining land records in the jurisdiction” in which The1
Lucida is located [Pl. Br. 32‐33] – and because the tax lot number is a useful and2
commonly employed method of identifying property [Pl. Br. 34]. The Rais’ unit,3
however, was identified only as “the unit (‘Unit’) to be designated as Unit 8C in4
the [Condominium Offering] Plan.” Joint App’x 26.10 5
In Bacolitsas, plaintiffs sought to revoke a purchase agreement for6
defendants’ failure to comply with § 1703(d)(1). In that case, as here, plaintiffs7
had entered into an agreement to purchase a unit in a condominium building still8
under construction. 702 F.3d at 677. They sought to revoke the agreement, inter9
alia, on the grounds that the purchase agreement’s description of the property10
was inadequate to satisfy § 1703(d)(1). Id. at 679. The district court held for11
plaintiffs, on the basis that the statute requires that the purchase agreement itself12
be recordable – which it was not, because it had not been “acknowledged or13
10 At oral argument, the Rais contended that Imico’s apparent failure to secure1 and retain a signed copy of the receipt violated ILSA and warranted the extreme2 remedy of recission. Oral Arg. Tr. at 17:1‐3. They acknowledged, however, that3 there may be other methods of proving the purchaser received the Report. Id. At4 11:25‐12:6. One such method is proving that the Property Report was given to5 the purchaser’s agent. To the extent that the Rais argue that a developer6 necessarily violates ILSA if it cannot produce such a receipt, we reject that7 argument.8
29
proved.” Id. 1
We reversed, however, in an opinion that elaborated on the requirements2
set forth in § 1703(d)(1). First, we held that the contract or agreement itself need3
not be in a form acceptable for recording, so long as the document includes a4
description of the lot that “(1) makes such lot clearly identifiable and (2) is in a5
form acceptable for recording.” Id. at 679‐80 (emphasis in original) (internal6
quotation marks omitted). “[I]nterpreting the statute to require that the contract7
or agreement satisfy the technical requirements for recordability in the applicable8
local jurisdiction” did not, we held, further ILSA’s purpose. Id. at 680.9
Bacolitsas went on to address whether the description of the unit contained10
in the agreement in that case satisfied ILSA. See id. at 680‐85. Plaintiffs there11
contended that, because a condominium unit deed in New York must include12
“the liber, page and date of recording of the [condominium] declaration,” N.Y.13
Real Prop. L. § 339‐o, the description of the lot in a purchase agreement, if it is to14
be in a “form acceptable for recording,” must likewise contain those items. 70215
F.3d at 681. We disagreed, however, explaining that “nothing in § 1703(d)(1)16
suggests that Congress intended the description of the lot mandated under ILSA17
be coextensive with what is required for conveyance of an individual unit in the18
30
relevant jurisdiction.” Id. A contrary ruling, moreover, would have prohibited1
the “common and long‐standing” practice of executing purchase agreements2
before a development has been completed, because only once construction is3
finished can a declaration be recorded, and can the “liber, page and date of [its]4
recording” be provided. Id. at 682, citing N.Y. Real Prop. L. § 339‐o. Other5
provisions of ILSA demonstrate that Congress was aware of that practice and did6
not intend to foreclose it; Congress necessarily contemplated, therefore, “that the7
description of a unit required under § 1703(d)(1) m[ight] not be adequate for8
conveyance.” Id. Bacolitsas accordingly held that “[b]y its plain language, the9
description of the lot [required by § 1703(d)(1)] need not be equivalent to the type10
of description required to convey the unit.” Id. at 683. Defendants’ failure to11
include the “liber, page and date of recording” did not, therefore, render the12
description of the lot in Bacolitsas deficient under § 1703(d)(1).13
The Rais argue that the Bacolitsas holding is inapposite, because they14
contend neither that the Purchase Agreement itself must be recordable under15
§ 1703(d)(1), as the district court held in Bacolitsas, nor that the description of16
their unit was inadequate for lacking the “liber, page and date of recording.” 17
Instead, as discussed above, they argue that it is the absence of a tax lot number18
31
that renders the description of the unit here deficient, because under New York1
law, a recording officer is prohibited from recording “any conveyance of real2
property . . . unless accompanied by a transfer report form . . . [containing] . . . the3
appropriate tax map designation, if any.” N.Y. Real Prop. L. § 333(1‐e)(i), (ii)(3). 4
In further support of their argument, the Rais emphasize that, unlike the5
developer in Bacolitsas, Imico had already sold enough units for tax lot numbers6
to be designated, and therefore could conceivably have supplied tax lot numbers7
for the individual units in their purchase agreements. Finally, they employ8
Imico’s own words regarding the necessity of tax lot numbers for proper9
identification and recordation of a unit to suggest that Imico has conceded that10
the Purchase Agreement did not comply with § 1703(d)(1).11
To be sure, the absence of tax lot numbers was not the specific subject of12
the Bacolitsas plaintiffs’ argument. But we agree with the district court that our13
“reasoning [in Bacolitsas] as to ‘liber, page and date of recording of the14
declaration’ applies with equal force to unit‐specific tax lot numbers.” Rai, 201315
WL 5420940, at *5. Bacolitsas held that the test for sufficiency of a lot description16
under § 1703(d)(1) was not coextensive with what is required for conveyance,17
because in drafting ILSA, “Congress was concerned with disclosure, not18
32
conveyance.” Bacolitsas, 702 F.3d at 681 (emphasis in original). And our1
reasoning in Bacolitsas explicitly contemplated that a description could be2
sufficient under § 1703(d)(1) even without a tax lot number, observing that “it is3
common in New York for sponsors to offer units for sale and to enter into4
purchase agreements for those units prior to the filing of the condominium5
declaration. . . . [B]ecause a condominium declaration ordinarily cannot be filed6
until new tax lot numbers are assigned to each unit, which can only occur once7
construction is complete, buyers often will execute purchase agreements before8
the declaration is recorded, i.e., prior to completion of the development.” Id. at9
682 (internal citation omitted). In other words, acknowledging that no tax lot10
number had been provided to the Bacolitsas plaintiffs, we held that the purchase11
agreement nevertheless complied with § 1703(d)(1).12
The Rais attempt to distinguish this case from Bacolitsas by highlighting13
that, at the time they entered into the Purchase Agreement, purchase agreements14
had been signed for at least fifteen percent of the units being offered for sale,15
which meant that the Condominium Offering Plan could be declared effective16
and that tax lot numbers could therefore have been obtained, pursuant to 1317
N.Y.C.R.R. § 20.3(q). But they point us to no provision or case law that obligates18
33
a developer to obtain tax lot numbers as soon as that fifteen percent mark is1
reached, or that ILSA allows rescission of a purchase agreement where the2
developer could have acquired and disclosed a tax lot number but failed to do so3
(while not allowing such rescission when the purchase agreement is for one4
within the first fifteen percent of units sold). By pointing to the frequent practice5
of purchasers executing contracts prior to the point at which a developer can6
obtain those numbers in support of the conclusion that § 1703(d)(1)’s intent was7
not to mandate the inclusion of all information – including tax lot numbers –8
required for conveyance in a purchase agreement, see Bacolitsas, 702 F.3d at 682,9
Bacolitsas did not limit its holding only to circumstances in which tax lot10
numbers could not conceivably be provided in a purchase agreement. The11
absence of a tax lot number did not render the Purchase Agreement deficient12
under § 1703(d)(1), regardless of the stage of The Lucida’s completion at the time13
the Purchase Agreement was executed. The Rais do not contend that any of the14
information that we held to be sufficient to satisfy § 1703(d)(1) in Bacolitsas, see15
id. at 684 n.6, was withheld from them in this case. See Rai, 2013 WL 5420940, at16
*6.17
Finally, the Rais attempt to bolster their argument with Imico’s own words,18
34
in the Declaration of Condominium, to the effect that a tax lot number is1
“necessary for the proper identification” of a unit. Joint App’x 224. That2
statement directs the purchaser to “Exhibit B” of the Declaration for that3
“necessary” information. Id. But Exhibit B, the Rais protest, provides a chart4
with space to list each unit and its corresponding tax lot number, along with5
other information, that remains blank and contains the header “TO BE6
COMPLETED PRIOR TO RECORDATION OF CONDOMINIUM7
DECLARATION.” Rai v. WB Imico, No. 09 Civ. 9586 (PGG), ECF No. 18, Ex. 128
at 972. The Rais characterize these statements as concessions by Imico that a9
unit’s tax lot number must be included in its purchase agreement in order for that10
agreement to meet § 1703(d)(1)’s requirement that the description be in a “form11
acceptable for recording.”12
But neither statement constitutes such a concession. That Imico described13
a number of attributes as “necessary for the identification” of each unit does not14
mean that each attribute is required to provide a legally adequate description of15
the unit for purposes of ILSA. That information was to be filled in “prior to16
recordation” of the Condominium Declaration; its absence, however, does not17
demonstrate that the description of the unit given to the Rais in their Purchase18
35
Agreement was inadequate – it merely restates the fact that that description did1
not include all of the information required to legally convey the unit. Per the2
foregoing discussion, that does not mean the description violated § 1703(d)(1).3
Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s conclusion that Imico complied4
with ILSA § 1703(d)(1).5
III. § 1703(d)(3): Interest6
Because Imico did not violate either ILSA § 1701(a)(1)(B) or § 1703(d)(1), it7
follows that the Rais were not entitled to rescind the Purchase Agreement, and8
that they therefore breached their contract with Imico by failing to close on the9
transaction. That breach necessarily raises the question of the remedy to which10
Imico is entitled.11
In this case, that remedy is set out in both the Purchase Agreement and in12
ILSA. The Purchase Agreement contains a liquidated damages provision that13
states:14
[I]f and only to the extent that the sale of the unit is not15 exempt from the provisions of [ILSA], the amount of the16 Deposit to be retained by [Imico] upon Purchaser’s17 failure to cure a default . . . will be the greater of (i)18 fifteen percent (15%) of the Purchase Price (excluding19 any interest owed) or (ii) the amount of damages20 incurred by [Imico] due to the default.21 22
36
Joint App’x 32. That provision complies with ILSA’s requirement that a contract1
provide2
that, if the purchaser . . . loses rights . . . in the lot as a3 result of a default or breach of the contract or agreement4 which occurs after the purchaser . . . has paid 15 per5 centum of the purchase price of the lot, excluding any6 interest owed under the contract or agreement, the7 seller . . . shall refund to such purchaser . . . any amount8 which remains after subtracting (A) 15 per centum of9 the purchase price of the lot, excluding any interest10 owed under the contract or agreement, or the amount of11 damages incurred by the seller . . . as a result of such12 breach, whichever is greater, from (B) the amount paid13 by the purchaser . . . , excluding any interest paid under14 the contract or agreement.15 16 15 U.S.C. § 1703(d)(3).17
Imico argues that both the text of these provisions and standard practice in18
the real estate industry compel a finding that they are entitled to retain any19
interest earned on the Rais’ fifteen percent deposit while it was in escrow, along20
with the deposit itself. The Rais contend that, should they be found to have21
breached the contract, Imico is entitled only to the statutorily mandated fifteen22
percent deposit, and no more, requiring that Imico refund to them any interest23
earned on that deposit. They argue first, however, that the issue of who is24
entitled to any interest earned on the deposit is not even properly before us,25
37
because the district court, having ruled in favor of the Rais on the liability issues,1
did not reach the issue of any damages due on Imico’s counterclaim.2
The Rais’ argument would have us ignore the fact that the issue of3
entitlement to interest on the deposit was raised and briefed before the district4
court, and indeed decided by that court. The district court addressed that issue5
with respect to the other Lucida apartment purchasers, whom it held to be in6
breach of their contracts when it found that Imico had not violated § 1703(d)(1),7
and who are therefore situated identically to the Rais in light of our decision8
today. The district court held that, because those other plaintiffs’ deposits all9
amounted to exactly fifteen percent of the purchase price, and Imico had not pled10
any damages, any interest earned on those deposits was to be returned to11
plaintiffs. Rai, 2013 WL 5420940, at *11 n.23.12
Although we generally do not consider arguments not addressed by the13
district court, as we noted in Bacolitsas, that “is a prudential rule we apply at our14
discretion,” and “[i]n determining whether to consider such issues, we rely on a15
number of factors, including the interests of judicial economy, and whether the16
unaddressed issues present pure questions of law.” Bacolitsas, 702 F.3d at 68117
(internal citations omitted); see also Booking v. Gen. Star Mgmt. Co., 254 F.3d18
38
414, 418‐19 (2d Cir. 2001) (noting that we have “broad discretion to consider1
issues not raised in the District Court,” and that it therefore “follows . . . that we2
have discretion to consider issues that were raised, briefed, and argued in the3
District Court, but that were not reached there.”). Those factors militate in favor4
of reaching the issue of the accrued interest here. The question of entitlement to5
that interest, which is governed by statutory and contractual provisions, presents6
a purely legal issue. Confronting the question now would also further the7
interest of judicial economy. Were we to remand this case to the district court to8
determine which party should retain the interest, there is no reason to think that9
the district court would arrive at a different conclusion than it reached as to all of10
the other plaintiffs whom it found to be in breach of their contracts with Imico. 11
Doing so would therefore only result in delay and in additional, and12
unnecessary, expenditure of time and resources by the parties, by the district13
court, and eventually by this Court on a subsequent appeal. In light of the Rais’14
failure to point to any material difference between their own position and that of15
the other Lucida plaintiffs – despite their having been on notice, from at least the16
filing of Imico’s opening brief, that Imico was asking the Court to address the17
issue of interest on their down payment – we see no reason not to decide that18
39
question. See Bacolitsas, 702 F.3d at 681; Petrosino v. Bell Atl., 385 F.3d 210, 2241
(2d Cir. 2004).2
We conclude that the relevant provisions of ILSA and the Purchase3
Agreement do not undermine the standard rule that a party entitled to a payment4
is also entitled to interest earned on that payment during the time the party was5
deprived thereof. Section 1703(d)(3) “exclud[es] any interest” at each stage of the6
calculation of damages it prescribes. In calculating fifteen percent of the7
purchase price of the lot, “any interest owed” is to be excluded; in calculating the8
total amount paid by the purchaser, “any interest paid” is to be excluded. The9
former is to be retained by the seller, and any amount which remains after10
subtracting the former from the latter – that is, if the purchaser previously put11
down a deposit greater than fifteen percent – is to be returned to the purchaser. 12
Consistent with ILSA, the parties’ Purchase Agreement instructs that Imico is to13
retain fifteen percent of the purchase price, also “excluding any interest owed”14
(unless the damages they have incurred exceeds that amount). While these15
provisions are hardly models of clarity, they indicate that interest is not to factor16
into the liquidated damages calculation.17
18
40
That a developer must refund an amount that is calculated by excluding1
any interest owed or paid under the contract, and may retain an amount that2
likewise excludes any consideration of interest owed or paid under the contract,3
does not speak either way, in our view, to which party is entitled to the interest4
earned on a deposit held in escrow. And in the absence of any statutory mandate5
as to that interest, we find no reason to deviate from the common law rule, well6
established in New York and elsewhere, that “interest follows principal” and7
therefore is the “property of the owner of the principal.” Phillips v. Wash. Legal8
Found., 524 U.S. 156, 165, 172 (1998) (internal quotation marks omitted)9
(collecting cases); see also Stuarco, Inc. v. Slafbro Realty Corp., 289 N.Y.S.2d 883,10
885 (2d Dep’t 1968) (tenant was entitled to the interest accrued on a security11
deposit, even in the absence of a provision in the lease regarding interest,12
because, under New York’s General Obligations Law, deposit and interest13
accrued thereon continued to belong to tenant and was merely being “held in14
trust” by landlord); Havender v. Brodbeck, 144 N.Y.S. 418, 419 (1st Dep’t 1913)15
(“Ordinarily interest follows the principal, as the shadow does the substance.”)16
(internal quotation marks omitted); cf. Webb’s Fabulous Pharmacies, Inc. v.17
Beckwith, 449 U.S. 155, 162 (1980) (“The usual and general rule is that any18
41
interest on an interpleaded and deposited fund follows the principal and is to be1
allocated to those who are ultimately to be the owners of that principal.”). 2
That rule is premised on basic principles of fairness, which are fully3
applicable to this case. If A and B dispute whether A owes a sum of money to B,4
the parties agree to put the disputed sum into an interest‐bearing escrow account5
pending resolution of the dispute, and it is ultimately determined that the money6
should indeed be paid to B, B is entitled to the interest, because if the money had7
been paid when due, B would have had the use of the money; if it is determined8
that there was no debt, the money has always belonged to A, who would also9
receive the interest. The same is true here. If the Rais were entitled to rescind the10
contract, the deposit would be returned to them, along with the interest it earned11
in the meantime. But they are not, so the deposit belongs to Imico, along with the12
interest it has earned. Nothing in the quoted provisions of ILSA, which concern13
only the calculation of the principal amount of the deposit that the developer may14
demand and, in the event of breach by the purchaser, retain, has any bearing on15
this basic legal principle.1116
11 In addition to the lack of guidance from ILSA and the backdrop of common1 law, another provision in the Purchase Agreement further suggests that the2 parties expected that the interest earned on the Rais’ deposit would go to Imico if3
42
We therefore hold that, because Imico is rightfully entitled to retain the1
Rais’ fifteen percent down payment, it is likewise entitled to the interest earned2
on that money.
some extent, on technicalities in ensuring its foremost goal of consumer6
protection. See Bodansky, 635 F.3d at 86. But it does not require us to read into the statute requirements that it does not contain, thereby expanding
liability fordevelopers at the behest of parties wishing to back out of contracts into which they entered knowingly and armed with full
disclosure. For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district
court that Imico complied with ILSA § 1703(d)(1), notwithstanding that the description12
of the property did not contain the tax lot number, and REVERSE the judgment13
of the district court that Imico violated ILSA § 1703(a)(1)(B) by delivering the14
they defaulted. That provision states that, if the purchaser defaults, Imico “may1 retain all sums deposited by Purchaser . . . , together with interest earned thereon2 . . . .” Joint App’x 32, § 15.2. While such a contractual provision cannot trump3 any limits imposed by ILSA (as the contract itself acknowledges, see id.), the4 provision serves as further evidence that the ordinary practice, in the absence of5 any statutory indication to the contrary, is to award accrued interest to the party6 entitled to the principal.7
43
Property Report to the Rais’ attorney and not to the Rais directly. We also hold1
that, pursuant to ILSA § 1703(d)(3) and the parties’ Purchase Agreement, Imico is2
entitled to retain the Rais’ fifteen percent down payment, as well as any interest3
accrued thereon, as a result of the Rais’ breach of the Purchase Agreement in4
failing to close on their unit. The case is REMANDED to the district court fo
further proceedings consistent with this opinion
obligations under that provision, and that the Rais therefore breached their
contract.
About This Case
What was the outcome of Rai v. WB Imico Lexington Fee?
The outcome was: We fully recognize that ILSA is a “strict‐liability” statute that relies, to5 some extent, on technicalities in ensuring its foremost goal of consumer6 protection. See Bodansky, 635 F.3d at 86. But it does not require us to read into the statute requirements that it does not contain, thereby expanding liability fordevelopers at the behest of parties wishing to back out of contracts into which they entered knowingly and armed with full disclosure. For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court that Imico complied with ILSA § 1703(d)(1), notwithstanding that the description12 of the property did not contain the tax lot number, and REVERSE the judgment13 of the district court that Imico violated ILSA § 1703(a)(1)(B) by delivering the14 they defaulted. That provision states that, if the purchaser defaults, Imico “may1 retain all sums deposited by Purchaser . . . , together with interest earned thereon2 . . . .” Joint App’x 32, § 15.2. While such a contractual provision cannot trump3 any limits imposed by ILSA (as the contract itself acknowledges, see id.), the4 provision serves as further evidence that the ordinary practice, in the absence of5 any statutory indication to the contrary, is to award accrued interest to the party6 entitled to the principal.7 43 Property Report to the Rais’ attorney and not to the Rais directly. We also hold1 that, pursuant to ILSA § 1703(d)(3) and the parties’ Purchase Agreement, Imico is2 entitled to retain the Rais’ fifteen percent down payment, as well as any interest3 accrued thereon, as a result of the Rais’ breach of the Purchase Agreement in4 failing to close on their unit. The case is REMANDED to the district court fo further proceedings consistent with this opinion
Which court heard Rai v. WB Imico Lexington Fee?
This case was heard in UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS2 FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT3, NY. The presiding judge was Hon. Raymond J. Lohier.
Who were the attorneys in Rai v. WB Imico Lexington Fee?
Plaintiff's attorney: Meredith Fuchs, To‐Quyen Truong, John R. Coleman, Nandan Joshi, Jessica Rank Divine. Defendant's attorney: LAWRENCE C. WEINER, RICHARD H. DOLAN.
When was Rai v. WB Imico Lexington Fee decided?
This case was decided on September 27, 2015.