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Date: 08-24-2020
Case Style:
JAMES RICHARDSON V. COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY
Case Number: 2019-SC-000356-MR
Judge: MEMORANDUM OPINION OF THE COURT
Court: Supreme Court of Kentucky
Plaintiff's Attorney: Daniel Jay Cameron
Attorney General of Kentucky
Lauren Rachel Lewis
Assistant Attorney General
Defendant's Attorney:
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Call 888-853-4800 if you need a Criminal Defense Attorney in Kentucky.
Description:
Supreme Court of Kentucky
According to trial testimony, sometime in the spring or early summer of
2018, the Elizabethtown Police Department (EPD) received a photo via social
media of James Mack Richardson. The photo showed Richardson with a large
bag of marijuana in his hand. A set of digital scales, a box of sandwich bags, a
stack of $100 bills, and multiple buds of marijuana were on the table in front
of him.
Subsequently, Officer Chris Smith, a K-9 officer with the EPD, started
observing activity at Richardson’s house during his shifts. In mid-July, Officer
Smith observed more traffic than usual and people entering and leaving the
house. Officer Smith then followed a vehicle that left Richardson’s house. At
one turn, the driver began speeding and Officer Smith initiated a traffic stop.
As he approached the car, Officer Smith could smell marijuana. Although the
driver said no marijuana was in the car, Officer Smith’s canine alerted on the
stopped vehicle. During a search of the car, Officer Smith found about onehalf ounce of marijuana in two bags. The driver told Officer Smith that he
purchased the marijuana from Richardson and described the room in the
house where Richardson went to retrieve the marijuana.
Following this traffic stop, Officer Smith began preparing an affidavit and
search warrant for Richardson’s residence. While he did so, Detective Clinton
Turner watched the house and contacted Detective Mike Barry, a member of
the Greater Hardin County Narcotics Task Force (Drug Task Force). When
Richardson left the house, Detective Turner followed him. Detective Turner
4
testified that Richardson was driving fast and weaving in and out of lanes
between Elizabethtown and Radcliff. Another officer eventually stopped
Richardson and Detective Turner arrived on the scene shortly after. Detective
Turner smelled marijuana in the vehicle, and a search resulted in his finding
two joints in the console.
Officer Smith served and executed a search warrant on Richardson’s
house while Richardson was away and detained by other officers for the traffic
stop. Richardson’s girlfriend was present in the living room of the house. In
Richardson’s bedroom, officers found several large bags containing marijuana,
a cooler bag containing THC liquids, a bag of cocaine, and a handgun laid out
over the bed. A suitcase on the bedroom floor contained several additional
bags of vacuum-sealed marijuana. Large amounts of cash, along with a
handgun, were found hidden inside of and behind a dresser. On the floor in
front of the dresser, the officers found more bags containing marijuana. In all,
officers recovered about 166 tablets of alprazolam (Xanax), between 3 and 3.5
ounces of cocaine, 14 pounds of marijuana, 150 small bottles of marijuana
concentrate, 28 marijuana vapes, 14 blunts (marijuana cigars), two handguns,
and $15,000 cash.
Richardson was indicted for and found guilty by a jury of (1) trafficking
in marijuana, five pounds or more, second or subsequent offense, firearm
enhanced; (2) first-degree trafficking in a controlled substance (cocaine),
second or subsequent offense, firearm enhanced; (3) third-degree trafficking in
a controlled substance (alprazolam), second or subsequent offense, firearm
5
enhanced; and (4) possession of a handgun by a convicted felon.1 The jury
recommended Richardson serve a total sentence of thirty-five (35) years, and
the trial court sentenced Richardson consistent with the jury’s
recommendation. This appeal followed.
ANALYSIS
Richardson contends, by way of two arguments, that the trial court erred
when admitting parts of Detective Barry’s testimony. He also claims the trial
court erred by failing to grant directed verdicts on the firearm enhancements
related to the trafficking in marijuana and the trafficking in cocaine charges.
I. The trial court did not commit palpable error by admitting
Detective Barry’s testimony.
A. Testimony about parts of the drug trade was not irrelevant,
confusing or cumulative.
Detective Mike Barry, assigned to the Drug Task Force, testified at trial
about law enforcements’ and his associated efforts to arrest and prosecute drug
users and suppliers. He testified that users may serve as confidential
informants and participate in controlled buys from suppliers. Defense counsel
objected to the questioning, contending the Commonwealth had not properly
introduced Detective Barry as an expert witness to educate the jury about
trafficking. The Commonwealth responded that Detective Barry was testifying
about subjects within his training and experience as a Drug Task Force officer.
1 The trial court dismissed the four other offenses for which Richardson was
indicted: possession of marijuana; illegal use/possession of drug paraphernalia; use
and investment of drug related income; and failure to notify Transportation Cabinet of
change of address.
6
The trial court overruled the objection, finding that Detective Barry was an
officer with specialized knowledge based upon his experience and knowledge in
his established area of expertise and could testify accordingly.
Within this first issue regarding Detective Barry’s testimony, Richardson
does not challenge on appeal the propriety of Detective Barry testifying as an
expert but contends that Detective Barry’s testimony about parts of the drug
trade was irrelevant, confused the issues for the jury, or was cumulative.
Given that Richardson’s challenges are mainly in regard to the testimony about
confidential informants and controlled buys, Richardson seems to contend
that, along with his objection to Detective Barry’s testimony at trial, this issue
is preserved through the denial of his pretrial motion for the names of
confidential informants in this case. The Commonwealth responded to the
pretrial motion by stating that no confidential informants would be testifying in
the trial as the case was not based on a controlled buy. Richardson
alternatively seeks RCr2 10.26 palpable error review if the claims of error are
not properly preserved.
Because we find neither the pretrial nor the trial motion preserved the
specific issue as to whether Detective Barry’s testimony about parts of the drug
trade was irrelevant, confused the issues, and cumulative, relief may only be
afforded if palpable error occurred.
Under RCr 10.26, an unpreserved error may generally be
noticed on appeal if the error is palpable [i.e., easily perceptible,
plain, obvious and readily noticeable] and if it affects the
2 Kentucky Rule of Criminal Procedure.
7
substantial rights of a party. Even then, relief is appropriate only
[if the error resulted in manifest injustice]. . . . Generally, a
palpable error affects the substantial rights of the party only if it is
more likely than ordinary error to have affected the judgment.
Martin v. Commonwealth, 409 S.W.3d 340, 344 (Ky. 2013) (internal quotations
and citations omitted).
Relevant evidence is “evidence having any tendency to make the
existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action
more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence.” KRE3
401. As a general rule, all relevant evidence is admissible. KRE 402. Relevant
evidence may be excluded, however, when the trial court determines, exercising
it discretion, that “its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger
of undue prejudice, confusion of the issues [i.e., whether there is a tendency of
evidence to confuse or distract the jury from the main issues in the case4], or
misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue delay, or needless
presentation of cumulative evidence.” KRE 403; Webb v. Commonwealth, 387
S.W.3d 319, 326 (Ky. 2012) (citation omitted). On the other hand, irrelevant
evidence is not admissible, KRE 402, and a trial court has no discretion to
admit it, Cunningham v. Commonwealth, 501 S.W.3d 414, 422 (Ky. 2016).
Richardson argues that the jury heard in the context of Detective Barry’s
testimony about law enforcement officers’ use of confidential informants and
controlled buys; and also about the price a user might pay for smaller,
3 Kentucky Rule of Evidence.
4 Ten Broeck Dupont, Inc. v. Brooks, 283 S.W.3d 705, 715 (Ky. 2009).
8
personal use quantities of drugs versus the price local suppliers involved in the
sale of marijuana or cocaine pay for larger quantities of those drugs, all of
which was irrelevant to proving whether Richardson himself was trafficking in
drugs. Focusing on the second category of evidence, we cannot agree with
Richardson that Detective Barry’s quantity and price testimony was not
relevant. As the trial court aptly stated when overruling Richardson’s subjectmatter-expert objection, Detective Barry’s testimony was relevant and helpful
to the jury in deciding whether the type, amounts, and packaging of the drugs
found in this case were consistent with personal use or with trafficking.
Richardson also contends that Detective Barry’s testimony about using
confidential informants and doing controlled buys, neither of which were part
of this case, confused the issue as to whether the jury had enough evidence to
find that Richardson possessed drugs with intent to traffic. He further argues
that Detective Barry’s testimony that some marijuana is delivered through the
United States Postal Service (USPS) was irrelevant and his testimony about
how USPS investigators and Drug Task Force officers may work together on
such cases also confused the issues because no such collaboration was
involved in this case. In support of this latter contention, Richardson points to
a juror’s question about whether the police had means of detecting marijuana
sent through the mail as evidence that this particular testimony took at least
one juror’s attention from relevant facts.
Detective Barry’s testimony regarding the use of confidential informants
and arranging controlled buys was relevant as background regarding drug
9
trafficking investigations, and we do not find that its probative value was
substantially outweighed by any danger of distracting the jury from the main
issue of whether Richardson was guilty of trafficking in marijuana, cocaine,
and alprazolam. As to the relevancy of and confusion from testimony regarding
the mailing of illegal drugs through the USPS, Detective Barry provided
information about the methods of trafficking drugs to the geographic area, one
being use of the USPS. His knowledge of drug trafficking provided the context
for his testimony as to distinguishing drug user versus drug trafficker
behaviors. Thus, we cannot find that this information was irrelevant or that it
confused the issues that the jury needed to decide. To the extent Detective
Barry’s initial testimony may have caused confusion within the jury, both the
Commonwealth and defense counsel examined Detective Barry after he
responded to the juror’s question, clarifying that in this particular case there
was no evidence indicating the drugs were sent through the USPS. Notably,
Richardson himself elicited in his defense on cross-examination of Detective
Barry that it was possible that the marijuana in this case came through the
USPS, and if so, he had no idea whether the marijuana was sent to Richardson
or someone else.
Richardson further argues that Detective Barry’s testimony that the
amount of marijuana and cocaine found in his house was reflective of
trafficking was irrelevant and cumulative5 to Officer Smith’s testimony,
5 Richardson does not specifically argue that Detective Barry’s testimony was
cumulative, but that is the gist of the argument in his reply brief.
10
testimony which the jury could use to infer Richardson possessed the intent to
sell, distribute, or dispense the drugs to another person. As to cumulative
evidence, we have previously explained that “[m]ultiple witnesses bring multiple
viewpoints and ‘testimony from multiple sources about the same event is likely
to differ in ways that are helpful to the factfinder.’” Doneghy v. Commonwealth,
410 S.W.3d 95, 109 (Ky. 2013) (quoting Christopher B. Mueller & Laird C.
Kirkpatrick, Federal Evidence § 4:12 (3d ed. 2012)). “At times it is reasonable
for a party to insist that ‘one witness is good, but two or three will make my
case much stronger, even though all will testify in a similar vein.’ In short, the
discretion to exclude cumulative evidence must be exercised in a
discriminating fashion, and with wisdom, particularly where the evidence goes
to issues of central importance.” Ten Broeck Dupont, 283 S.W.3d at 715 (citing
Robert G. Lawson, Kentucky Evidence Law Handbook § 2.10[5] (4th ed. 2003)
(quoting 1 Mueller & Kirkpatrick, Federal Evidence § 96 (2d ed. 1994))).
Here, Detective Barry and Officer Smith both testified in regard to
relevant circumstances indicative of Richardson’s drug trafficking but their
roles in the case were different and they presented differing, non-overlapping
testimony helpful to the jury in deciding whether Richardson was guilty of the
trafficking charges. Consequently, we do not find Detective Barry’s testimony
irrelevant or cumulative to Officer Smith’s.
Although we conclude that none of the preceding arguments reveal a
palpable error, we note that even if palpable error did exist, the alleged errors
would not entitle Richardson to relief. As detailed above, the Commonwealth
11
presented enough evidence from which the jury could find Richardson guilty of
trafficking, enhanced by firearm possession. This evidence included the
photographic evidence of Richardson holding a large bag of marijuana,
surrounded by marijuana buds, digital scales, sandwich bags, and $100 bills;
the testimony that the individual who was stopped after leaving Richardson’s,
smelling of marijuana, possessed two baggies of marijuana, told the
investigating officer he purchased from Richardson; and the testimony that the
search warrant executed on Richardson’s house yielded 14 pounds of
marijuana packaged in vacuum-sealed plastic bags, 166 tablets of alprazolam,
at least 3 ounces of cocaine, 150 small bottles of THC concentrate, 28
marijuana vapes, 14 blunts, two handguns, and $15,000 cash. The
Commonwealth also introduced Richardson’s then-girlfriend’s testimony that
the firearms in Richardson’s bedroom did not belong to her. Given this
evidence, no substantial possibility exists that the jury’s verdict in this case
would have been different but for the alleged error.
B. It was not palpable error to admit Detective Barry’s
professional background testimony about THC levels in
current marijuana sales.
As described above, when introduced as a witness, Detective Barry
testified about his experience and training as a member of the Drug Task
Force. While providing information about his Drug Task Force training and
experience encountering different types and grades of marijuana, he also
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described the marijuana sold today as being high-grade with a THC6 level of at
least 30% as compared to marijuana sold in the 1970s and 1980s which had a
THC level around 10%. Richardson did not object during this testimony. On
appeal, however, he contends that Detective Barry was not qualified as an
expert in determining the THC content of marijuana, as his regular police
training does not traditionally encompass the type of special knowledge and
chemist-type training required to determine THC levels, and that his testimony
about THC was irrelevant. Richardson seeks palpable error review of this
testimony.
Richardson argues that the Commonwealth was required under KRE 702
to qualify Detective Barry as an expert before he testified. KRE 702 states that
[i]f scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will assist
the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact
in issue, a witness qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill,
experience, training, or education, may testify thereto in the form
of an opinion or otherwise, if . . . [t]he testimony is based upon
sufficient facts or data . . . .
At trial, Detective Barry described his training and experience as a Drug
Task Force detective. According to his testimony, he obtained this knowledge
of the changes in marijuana potency over time through his training. When the
trial court addressed Richardson’s subsequent objection to Detective Barry
testifying as a subject-matter expert, the trial court noted that Detective Barry
6 THC is the main psychoactive compound in marijuana. National Institute on
Drug Abuse, What is marijuana? www.drugabuse.gov/publications/researchreports/marijuana/what-marijuana (Apr. 13, 2020).
13
was an officer with experience and training with specialized knowledge, but not
an expert in a traditional sense of some theory of science. And as noted above,
the trial court determined that Detective Barry’s testimony regarding the type,
packaging, and amounts of drugs found was within his established area of
expertise. Even if in the course of Detective Barry’s testimony regarding his
training and background his specific testimony about changing THC levels in
marijuana was improperly admitted under KRE 702 and KRE 402, the error
was not “so obvious that the trial court was remiss in failing to act upon it sua
sponte.” Lamb v. Commonwealth, 510 S.W.3d 316, 325 (Ky. 2017). Like the
issues examined above, RCr 10.26 relief is not available for this claim of error.
II. The trial court did not err by denying Richardson’s motions for a
directed verdict.
Richardson’s trial counsel moved for a directed verdict on the firearm
enhancement on the trafficking in marijuana and the trafficking in cocaine
charges. He argued that there was no nexus between the firearms, located in
the bedroom, and the drugs and there was no testimony that Richardson was
carrying a firearm when he was stopped. The trial court denied the motions at
the close of the Commonwealth’s case and again at the close of all evidence.
On appeal, Richardson claims that the evidence at trial failed to establish
that he had constructive possession of a firearm at the time of the commission
of the offenses and in furtherance of the offenses. When reviewing a motion for
a directed verdict,
the trial court must draw all fair and reasonable inferences from
the evidence in favor of the Commonwealth. If the evidence is
sufficient to induce a reasonable juror to believe beyond a
14
reasonable doubt that the defendant is guilty, a directed verdict
should not be given. For the purpose of ruling on the motion, the
trial court must assume that the evidence for the Commonwealth
is true, but reserve for the jury questions as to the credibility and
weight to be given to such testimony.
Commonwealth v. Benham, 816 S.W.2d 186, 187 (Ky. 1991).
KRS 218A.992(1) provides that “[o]ther provisions of law
notwithstanding, any person who is convicted of any violation of [Chapter 218A
Controlled Substances] who, at the time of the commission of the offense and
in furtherance of the offense, was in possession of a firearm, shall [be penalized
with the prescribed sentence enhancement].” KRS 218A.992 does not require
actual possession of a firearm. Houston v. Commonwealth, 975 S.W.2d 925,
927 (Ky. 1998). However, as in this case, “when it cannot be established that
the defendant was in actual possession of a firearm or that a [constructively
possessed] firearm was within his or her immediate control upon arrest, the
Commonwealth must prove more than mere possession. It must prove some
connection between the firearm possession and the crime.” Commonwealth v.
Montaque, 23 S.W.3d 629, 633 (Ky. 2000).
In Montaque, the defendant was charged with trafficking in a controlled
substance (cocaine) in the first degree and possession of a firearm at the time
of the commission of the offense. Id. at 630. The defendant was charged
under KRS 218A.992 when an unloaded, semi-automatic handgun was found
in the trunk of a borrowed car which was parked in her apartment building’s
parking lot. Id. at 631. The police found the unloaded gun wrapped in a
plastic shopping bag along with two ammunition clips and a box of loose shells.
15
Id. Because there was nothing to connect the car or the gun to the defendant’s
possession or trafficking of drugs, this Court affirmed the Court of Appeals’
decision that the trial court erred by not granting the defendant’s motion for a
directed verdict on the KRS 218A.992 penalty enhancement. Id. at 633. We
further explained that if drugs had been found in the car along with the gun, or
if there was evidence that the defendant used the car in connection with or to
facilitate her offenses, a sufficient connection would have been established to
create a question of fact for the jury. Id.
Here, the police found the guns in proximity to the drugs Richardson was
charged with trafficking; one loaded firearm was found next to the cash in a
dresser drawer in Richardson’s bedroom and another loaded firearm was found
next to the marijuana on the bed in the same bedroom. This evidence was
sufficient to induce a reasonable juror to believe beyond a reasonable doubt
that Richardson possessed the guns at the time and in furtherance of his
offenses to protect the cash and the drugs, the amounts of which were
indicative of trafficking. See id. The trial court did not err by denying
Richardson’s directed verdict motions under our Benham directed verdict
standard.
Outcome: For the foregoing reasons, the Hardin Circuit Court’s judgment is
affirmed.
Plaintiff's Experts:
Defendant's Experts:
Comments: