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Date: 03-24-2019
Case Style:
JOSHUA T. HAMMOND V. COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY
Case Number: 2017-SC-000629-MR
Judge: Lisabeth Tabor Hughes
Court: Kentucky Supreme Court
Plaintiff's Attorney: Andy Be shear
Attorney General of Kentucky
Kenneth Wayne Riggs
Assistant Attorney General Office of Criminal Appeals
Defendant's Attorney: Mark H. Woloshin
Description:
To briefly reiterate the underlying facts, Hammond and two other men
drove to Lexington to purchase drugs. After making the purchase, Hammond
devised a plan to rob Charles Monroe, a Frankfort drug dealer. Hammond set
up a meeting with Monroe and the four men drove to a local Wal-Mart. After
Hammond and Monroe spent some time in the store, they returned to
Hammond’s truck but instead of going toward Monroe’s home, Hammond drove
in a different direction. When Monroe stated that they were going the wrong
way, Hammond stopped the truck on the side of an interstate ramp and
demanded that Monroe hand over his money and drugs. Hammond then
began hitting Monroe in the head with a police baton. Monroe attempted to
defend himself, but Hammond walked around to the passenger side while one
of the other men held Monroe in a chokehold. Hammond continued striking
Monroe on the head with the baton and searched for drugs and money,
ultimately collecting $160 and some pills. Hammond pulled Monroe from the
truck and left him on the side of the highway. Monroe died as a result of the
assault, and the medical examiner stated the death was likely a result of an
injury to Monroe’s throat, caused by the chokehold.1
1 A full recitation of the facts can be found in Hammond v. Commonwealth, 504 S.W.3d 44 (Ky. 2016).
2
In 2014, a Franklin Circuit Court jury found Hammond guilty of first-
degree robbery, first-degree assault, reckless homicide and tampering with
evidence. After the guilt phase, Hammond entered into a plea agreement with
the Commonwealth to avoid the jury sentencing phase, and the trial court
sentenced Hammond to twenty years for first-degree robbery and twenty years
for first-degree assault (to be served concurrently), and five years each for
reckless homicide and tampering with evidence (to be served concurrently) for a
total sentence of twenty-five years.
After entry of the judgment, Hammond appealed as a matter of right, and
this Court rendered an opinion on December 15, 2016, affirming in part,
reversing in part, and remanding. Hammond, 504 S.W.3d at 44. Hammond
raised five issues on appeal, and this Court reversed and remanded the case
solely as to the first-degree assault conviction.
In that earlier appeal, Hammond challenged his first-degree assault
conviction on three different grounds. He contended that the assault charge
merged into the robbery charge, that the assault charge merged into the
homicide charge, and that he should have received a directed verdict on the
assault charge due to insufficient evidence that he inflicted a serious physical
injury on Monroe. Hammond argued that the only physical injury to Monroe
serious enough to support an assault charge was the throat injury, and this
Court agreed. According to the medical testimony, the head wounds Hammond
inflicted on Monroe with the baton were superficial and did not cause Monroe’s
death. Since the head injury could not serve as the basis for the assault
3
charge, the only other viable injury was the throat injury. Justice Venters,
writing for a unanimous Court, concluded that a “single injury which proves to
be fatal cannot simultaneously serve as the injury in an underlying assault
conviction and the fatal wound resulting in the death underlying the homicide
conviction.” Hammond, 504 S.W.3d at 52. Since Monroe ultimately died
because of the throat injury, the injury should have only supported the
reckless homicide charge and not the assault charge.
This Court also agreed with Hammond that the first-degree assault
charge merged into the reckless homicide charge. The Court determined that
“either the trial court erred by submitting to the jury a first degree assault
charge based upon evidence insufficient to establish that the head wound was
a ‘serious physical injury’; or, the jury was improperly permitted to find
Appellant guilty of both first degree assault and reckless homicide based upon
the serious injury to Monroe's throat.” Id. at 53. Regardless of which specific
error occurred, Hammond’s first-degree assault conviction was reversed, and
the case was remanded to the trial court for re-sentencing, removing the first-
degree assault conviction but leaving the other convictions intact. This Court
noted that since Hammond was sentenced to twenty years on both the assault
and robbery charges, the reversal of the assault conviction did not affect
Hammond’s total twenty-five year sentence or parole eligibility. Id.
On October 12, 2017, the trial court conducted a re-sentencing hearing
where Hammond moved to withdraw the sentencing plea agreement and to
have a jury impaneled for the penalty phase. The trial court denied his motion,
4
stating that the Kentucky Supreme Court ruling contemplated re-sentencing
only to clarify that the assault conviction was set aside, and reversal of the
assault conviction did not affect Hammond’s final sentence. Hammond was re
sentenced to twenty-five years, and now appeals from the trial court’s second
judgment.
ANALYSIS
Hammond argues that our holding in Hammond v. Commonwealth
changed the terms of his plea agreement and because of this change, he should
be permitted the right to proceed with a new jury empaneled for the penalty
phase. Specifically, he argues that he now faces a new set of circumstances,
i.e., he was originally facing a fifty-year sentence for all his charges while the
assault charge was still viable, but since the assault conviction has been
reversed, the longest sentence he could have received was thirty years.
I. Hammond waived his right to jury sentencing.
After the guilt phase of trial, Hammond entered a guilty plea pursuant to
a deal with the Commonwealth and waived his right to have a jury sentence
him. To be valid, a guilty plea must be entered “intelligently and voluntarily.”
Bronk v. Commonwealth, 58 S.W.3d 482, 486 (Ky. 2001). In determining
whether a plea is voluntary, trial courts make a fact-specific inquiry into the
totality of the circumstances surrounding the plea. Porter v. Commonwealth,
394 S.W.3d 382, 385 (Ky. 2011). In this case, the record was not preserved.
Two volumes of the trial court record are missing, and there are no video
recordings of the original trial court proceedings in the appellate record. When
5
issues arise as to the completeness of the record, parties are allowed to submit
narrative statements to supplement the record. Early v. Commonwealth, 470
S.W.3d 729, 734 (Ky. 2015) (citing Kentucky Rule of Civil Procedure (CR)
75.13). No narrative statements were submitted.
“It has long been held that, when the complete record is not before the
appellate court, that court must assume that the omitted record supports the
decision of the trial court.” Commonwealth v. Thompson, 697 S.W.2d 143, 145
(Ky. 1985). The record does not include a copy of the plea agreement or a
recording of the trial court’s acceptance of the agreement. With no such
record, and no narrative supplementation, we are left to presume that the
omitted plea agreement was valid, and the trial court’s acceptance of the
agreement was proper.
All defendants have the right to a jury trial in all criminal prosecutions.
Kentucky Revised Statute (KRS) 29A.270(1). This is a fundamental right in our
legal system, and Hammond was entitled to, and received, this right. KRS
29A.270; U.S. Const, amend. VI. “Cases required to be tried by jury shall be so
tried unless the defendant waives a jury trial in writing with the approval of the
court and the consent of the Commonwealth.” Kentucky Rule of Criminal
Procedure (RCr) 9.26(1). KRS 532.055(2) requires that “[u]pon return of a
verdict of guilty . . . the court shall conduct a sentencing hearing before the
jury, if such case was tried before a jury. In the hearing the jury will determine
6
the punishment to be imposed within the range provided elsewhere by law.”2
Under Kentucky law, a “criminal defendant has a statutory right to have his
sentence set by a jury.” Wilson v. Commonwealth, 765 S.W.2d 22 (Ky. 1989).
By entering a plea agreement, Hammond waived his right to be
sentenced by the jury. “Among the rights recognized as requiring the
defendant’s personal waiver are the rights ‘to plead guilty, waive a jury ... or
take an appeal.’” Commonwealth v. Simmons, 394 S.W.3d 903, 912 (Ky. 2013)
(quoting Gonzalez v. United States, 553 U.S. 242, 251 (2008)). Since there is
no record of Hammond’s waiver, this Court is left to presume that Hammond
was adequately apprised of his rights and voluntarily made the decision to
waive his right to jury sentencing.
II. The plea agreement constituted a contract between Hammond and the Commonwealth, but there were no ambiguities.
“Generally, plea agreements in criminal cases are contracts between the
accused and the Commonwealth, and are interpreted according to
ordinary contract principles.” McClanahan v. Commonwealth, 308 S.W.3d 694,
701 (Ky. 2010). The plea agreement between Hammond and the
Commonwealth indisputably should be construed as a contract. The general
2 In Commonwealth v. Reneer, 734 S.W.2d 794, 796 (Ky. 1987), this Court recognized KRS 532.055 as “a legislative attempt to invade the rule making prerogative of the Supreme Court by legislatively prescribing rules of practice and procedure [and therefore] it violates the separation of powers doctrine enunciated in Section 28 of the Kentucky Constitution.” In the spirit of comity, this Court declined to hold the statute unconstitutional and agreed to follow it for the time being. This Court recently reiterated the continuing acceptance of the statute in Huddleston v. Commonwealth, 542 S.W.3d 237, 240 (Ky. 2018).
7
rule of law is that a court’s construction of a contract should be “controlled by
the intention of the parties.” Gibson v. Sellers, 252 S.W.2d 911 (Ky. 1952). By
entering the plea agreement and waiving jury sentencing, Hammond made a
knowing and voluntary decision to avoid a potentially longer sentence by
entering into an agreement with the Commonwealth for a specific term of years.
Conversely, the Commonwealth sought to avoid the possibility that the jury
would recommend a light sentence. The intention of the parties in entering a
plea agreement is clear.
In this appeal, Hammond argues that this Court’s opinion reversing the
assault conviction changed the terms of the contract and thereby created an
ambiguity. Hammond relies on Elmore v. Commonwealth, 236 S.W.3d 623 (Ky.
App. 2007), a Kentucky Court of Appeals’ case that reviewed an ambiguity in a
plea agreement. In Elmore, the defendant entered a plea agreement with the
Commonwealth in which the Commonwealth agreed to recommend that his
sentence in the current, Shelby County case would run concurrently with a
ten-year sentence entered against him in Jefferson County. Id. at 625. The
agreement also stated that if Elmore was “probated by Jefferson County the
sentence in Shelby County would likewise be probated.” Id. Elmore’s appeal
arose over the correct meaning of “likewise” in his agreement. Id. at 626.
Since the term had two plausible meanings in the context of the plea
agreement, the Court of Appeals was tasked with interpreting the term and
resolving the ambiguity. Id. at 628-29. The Court of Appeals held that any
ambiguity in a plea agreement “should be resolved in favor of the defendant
8
and against the government.” Id. at 627. In this case, the plea agreement
between Hammond and the Commonwealth did not contain an ambiguity at
the outset and no contract ambiguity was created by this Court’s directive on
remand. The plea agreement remains intact, and none of its terms are
presented to this Court as requiring interpretation.
“An ambiguous contract is one capable of more than one different,
reasonable interpretation.” Central Bank & Tr. Co. v. Kincaid, 617 S.W.2d 32,
33 (Ky. 1981). “A contract written in clear and unambiguous language is not
subject to interpretation or construction and must be enforced according to its
terms.” Bd. of Trustees of Kentucky School Bds. Ins. Tr. v. Pope, 528 S.W.3d
901, 906 (Ky. 2017). “In the absence of ambiguity, ... a court will interpret
the contract’s terms by assigning language its ordinary meaning and without
resort to extrinsic evidence. A contract is ambiguous if a reasonable person
would find it susceptible to different or inconsistent interpretations.” Kentucky
Shakespeare Festival, Inc. v. Dunaway, 490 S.W.3d 691, 694-95 (Ky. 2016)
(internal citations omitted).
For an ambiguity to exist in Hammond’s plea agreement, the terms
would need to be open to multiple interpretations, or contain unclear language.
This ambiguity must have existed in the contract at the time it was formed,
and that, obviously, is not the nature of his argument on appeal. Although
framed as a contract ambiguity, Hammond is essentially seeking a “do-over,”
with hopes of having a jury sentence him, despite having already waived that
right.
9
We acknowledge that Hammond has had a change in circumstances.
Hammond initially faced up to fifty years in prison but the reversal of the
assault conviction changed his circumstances. If the assault charge had been
dismissed pretrial or by directed verdict, Hammond would have only faced up
to thirty years in prison following the guilt phase. But Hammond apparently
fails to recognize that he initiated this change in circumstances by appealing
his case, a right he specifically reserved in the plea agreement. His successful
appeal on the assault conviction does not invalidate the plea agreement. “[P]lea
agreements are interpreted by what they say, not what they might have said if
the defendants or the government could have foreseen the future.” United
States v. Melton, 861 F.3d 1320, 1329 (11th Cir. 2017). 3
As observed by the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh
Circuit:
3 United States v. Melton involved two defendants who entered plea agreements with the government that stated the court would impose a sentence, and that the United States Sentencing Guidelines would apply in an “advisory manner.” 861 F.3d at 1322. The agreements also stated that the United States agreed to move for downward departure from the Sentencing Guidelines if the defendants assisted the United States in investigation or prosecution of other criminal offenses. Id. The agreements did not say anything about filing motions under 18 U.S.C. § 3553(e), which would allow the district court to impose a sentence below the statutory mandatory minimum. Id. The defendants assisted the United States, and the United States moved for a downward departure from the Sentencing Guidelines. Id. Several years later, the Sentencing Guidelines were amended, applying retroactively, and the amendment combined with the downward departure would have resulted in significantly lower sentences for the defendants. Id. at 1324. The defendants filed motions seeking to reduce their sentences, and the district court held that the government would breach its plea agreement with the defendants unless the government acted to ensure they received the same level of downward departure from the post-Amendment guidelines ranges that they received when they were originally sentenced. Id. The Court of Appeals reversed, reading the plea agreements for what they said, not what they did not say. Id. at 1329.
10
In a contract (and equally in a plea agreement) one binds oneself to do something that someone else wants, in exchange for some benefit to oneself. By binding oneself one assumes the risk of future changes in circumstances in light of which one’s bargain may prove to have been a bad one. That is the risk inherent in all contracts; they limit the parties’ ability to take advantage of what may happen over the period in which the contract is in effect.
United States v. Bournes, 405 F.3d 634, 636 (7th Cir. 2005). Hammond
specifically reserved his right to appeal the finding of guilt in exchange for the
twenty-five-year sentence. At the time he entered the agreement, there was no
way to know whether his claims would be successful on appeal. “Courts are
not authorized to ink in revisions to ensure that the defendants continue to
receive the same value regardless of future changes . . . .” Melton, 861 F.3d at
1329.
Here, Hammond bargained with the Commonwealth for a twenty-year
concurrent sentence for both the assault and robbery charge, each of which
could have carried a twenty-year sentence independently. Hammond accepted
and received the bargained-for sentence. His partially successful appeal does
not call the entire plea agreement into question. Simply put, a change in
circumstances is a risk inherent in all contracts, including Hammond’s plea
agreement, and changed circumstances do not permit his withdrawal from the
agreement.
Finally, this Court’s directive in Hammond v. Commonwealth was clear:
“this case is remanded for entry of a new judgment consistent with this
opinion.” 504 S.W.3d at 58. “Because the twenty year assault conviction was
adjudged to run concurrently with the first degree robbery conviction, the
11
reversal of the assault conviction affects neither [Hammond’s] total sentence
nor his parole eligibility.” Id. at 54. We find no basis for disturbing
Hammond’s valid jury waiver and plea agreement.
Outcome: For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the Franklin Circuit
Court.
Plaintiff's Experts:
Defendant's Experts:
Comments: