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Date: 03-11-2021
Case Style:
KEVIN SKAGGS v. STATE OF KANSAS
Case Number: 121,065
Judge: Melissa Taylor Standridge
Court: IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF KANSAS
Plaintiff's Attorney: Todd G. Thompson, county attorney, and Derek Schmidt, attorney general
Defendant's Attorney:
OR
Just Call 855-853-4800 for Free Help Finding a Lawyer Help You.
Description:
Topeka, KS - Criminal defense attorney represented Kevin Skaggs with filing successive motions for postconviction relief under K.S.A. 60-1507.
On June 25, 2007, following a six-day jury trial, Skaggs was convicted of three
counts of rape, one count of aggravated criminal sodomy, two counts of sexual
exploitation of a child, and one count of promoting obscenity to a minor. Terence Lober
represented Skaggs leading up to and through trial. After trial but before sentencing,
Lober withdrew as Skaggs' attorney, and Skaggs hired Cheryl Pilate and Rebecca Kurz of
the law firm of Morgan Pilate LLC to represent him at sentencing and on direct appeal.
The court sentenced Skaggs to a controlling term of 310 months in prison. Skaggs
appealed his convictions and sentencing alleging, in relevant part, prosecutorial
misconduct related to forensic evidence and witnesses presented by the State at trial. A
panel of this court affirmed his convictions and sentence. Skaggs petitioned the Kansas
Supreme Court for review, but it was denied on September 7, 2010. State v. Skaggs,
No. 100,201, 2009 WL 2436671 (Kan. App. 2009) (unpublished opinion) (Skaggs I).
This court issued its mandate on September 9, 2010.
Skaggs filed a timely K.S.A. 60-1507 motion on August 23, 2011. Kurz
represented Skaggs in this first habeas proceeding. Although Skaggs alleged a number of
ineffective assistance of counsel claims in the first habeas motion, the one claim relevant
to this appeal concerns whether Lober was ineffective for failing to challenge the State's
medical expert, Dr. Kelly Sinclair, on cross-examination at trial.
We pause here to explain Dr. Sinclair's trial testimony and medical findings in the
underlying case. On January 22, 2005, Dr. Sinclair conducted an initial sexual assault
forensic examination (SAFE exam) of B.S., the child victim, in the Emergency
Department of Children's Mercy Hospital. Dr. Sinclair testified at Skaggs' trial that
during this initial examination, she observed most of B.S.'s hymen was absent except for
anterior remnants. Dr. Sinclair also testified that the absence of a hymen likely indicated
a history of persistent trauma. Dr. Sinclair said she observed notching during B.S.'s 5
anogenital examination, which was indicative of recent trauma to that area. Based on the
notching, Dr. Sinclair estimated that B.S. had suffered injury to her genital region within
five days of the SAFE exam. Dr. Sinclair concluded her observations from the exam were
consistent with B.S.'s statement that she had been sexually abused.
Dr. Sinclair testified that she did not take any photographs during the SAFE exam
on January 22 because her camera was not working. On February 2, 2005, 11 days after
the initial exam, B.S. came back to the hospital for a follow-up examination. A different
doctor conducted the follow-up exam of B.S.'s anogenital region. During this exam,
photographs were taken of the area with the aid of a colposcope, a camera which
magnifies the vaginal area. Dr. Sinclair later reviewed the photographs and authored a
report regarding B.S.'s follow-up examination. In this report, Dr. Sinclair stated that the
magnified pictures showed B.S. had a "normal female genitalia with [an] intact hymen."
Dr. Sinclair further stated that B.S.'s hymen had normalized. Dr. Sinclair noted that this
normalization did not conflict with the detailed disclosures by B.S. of ongoing sexual
contact with an adult male. Dr. Sinclair acknowledged the pictures reflected that B.S.'s
hymen was intact, but she reported that this fact did not change her overall conclusion.
Despite having authored this follow-up report that seemed to contradict her initial
findings, Dr. Sinclair never testified about this report or her conclusions regarding the
follow-up examination.
Returning to Skaggs' first habeas motion, Skaggs argued Lober should have crossexamined Dr. Sinclair regarding her inconsistent findings: upon examination at the
emergency room, Dr. Sinclair observed most of B.S.'s hymen was absent except for
anterior remnants; yet, her follow-up report readily acknowledged that B.S.'s hymen was
intact. Skaggs asserted that if Lober had challenged Dr. Sinclair, Lober would have
created reasonable doubt for the jury as to whether B.S.'s purported injuries were as
notable as Dr. Sinclair described or whether they actually existed. Skaggs claimed that 6
Lober's failure to do so constituted deficient performance and that, in the absence of such
deficient performance, the outcome of his trial would have been different.
The district court held an evidentiary hearing on this and other claims in Skaggs'
motion. Judge Gunnar A. Sundby presided. Skaggs called Lober to testify. In addressing
why he did not cross-examine Dr. Sinclair about her seemingly inconsistent findings,
Lober testified he "thought long and hard before" making the decision not to challenge
her. He testified it would have been futile to question her because he believed her
findings were not inconsistent, and therefore, any questioning would have done more
harm to Skaggs' defense than good. In support of his decision, Lober testified that he
knew it was not unusual for the hymen to regenerate, that the medical literature supported
Dr. Sinclair's findings in both examinations, that Dr. Sinclair was medically correct, and
that if he—an individual with no medical training—had pressed the issue with her, her
initial findings that B.S.'s examinations were consistent with sexual abuse would morph
into findings that they were conclusive proof of sexual abuse in the jury's minds.
On August 29, 2012, the district court issued a memorandum decision denying
Skaggs' first K.S.A. 60-1507 motion. As to Lober's alleged ineffectiveness for failing to
cross-examine Dr. Sinclair, the court found Lober's testimony on the matter to be
persuasive. It stated that Lober "carefully considered and chose not to question her
significantly about the issue and the perceived inconsistency." The court found Lober's
decision to be a reasonable trial strategy and denied Skaggs relief because he failed to
establish how Lober was ineffective as to this point.
Skaggs appealed the decision, alleging only five ineffective assistance of counsel
claims. See Skaggs v. State, No. 108,644, 2014 WL 1193324 (Kan. App. 2014)
(unpublished opinion) (Skaggs II). On the issue of ineffective assistance of counsel
regarding Lober's failure to challenge Dr. Sinclair's findings, a panel of this court found
the district court did not err in concluding that Lober's approach constituted reasonable 7
trial strategy. 2014 WL 1193324, at *10. Skaggs petitioned for review, but the Kansas
Supreme Court declined to review the matter.
Following denial of his first habeas motion, Skaggs wrote a letter to Judge
Sundby. This letter is significant because it is the first time Skaggs alleged that he was
unaware of the colposcopic photographs taken at B.S.'s follow-up examination. Skaggs
alleged that the State withheld this potentially exculpatory evidence. He advised Judge
Sundby that he had hired new counsel, Dennis Owens, and that Owens contacted the
prosecutor's office several times to locate the photographs but had not been successful.
Skaggs also advised Judge Sundby that he hired a medical expert to review the evidence
presented at both his trial and at his first habeas proceeding. But the expert informed
Skaggs that the colposcopic photographs were needed before the expert opinion could be
finalized. Skaggs emphasized that the photographs were "potentially exculpatory
evidence," they were never disclosed to the defense before trial, and they were never
introduced at his trial. He asked the judge to assist him in obtaining the photographs. On
January 26, 2016, Judge Sundby replied, stating that he reviewed the letter but the court
did not have jurisdiction to consider Skaggs' request because there was no pending case
before the court and, even if there was, the court did not possess the pictures.
On March 21, 2017, Skaggs filed a second pro se motion under K.S.A. 60-1507.
This motion is the subject of the current appeal. Relevant here, Skaggs claimed: (1) new
evidence had been discovered establishing a colorable claim of actual innocence (the
colposcopic photographs from B.S.'s follow-up examination and Dr. Sinclair's findings
regarding the follow-up examination); (2) the State failed to provide these allegedly
exculpatory photographs to the defense before trial; and (3) Lober was ineffective for
failing to obtain and introduce the photographs at trial and for failing to hire a medical
expert to contradict Dr. Sinclair's findings. 8
In anticipation of filing this second K.S.A. 60-1507 motion, Skaggs hired medical
expert Dr. Thomas Young to review, among other things, Dr. Sinclair's reports and
testimony, the police reports, and B.S.'s statements and interviews. Dr. Young requested
the photographs from B.S.'s follow-up examination, but it appears they were never
provided. Nevertheless, Dr. Young made preliminary written findings in the form of an
affidavit based on his review of the evidence that was provided. This report and affidavit
were attached to Skaggs' memorandum in support of his motion for relief under K.S.A.
60-1507. In his affidavit, Dr. Young found to be "absurd" Dr. Sinclair's assertion that a
hymen can regenerate. Specifically, he stated:
"After three months of sexual activity of the nature described by B.S., she would have no
hymen left—not even one with 'notching.' A hymen will not grow back after repeatedly
being rubbed off. Given Dr. Sinclair's statement, that B.S.'s findings somehow 'evolved'
and 'normalized,' are tantamount to Dr. Sinclair claiming she saw water flow uphill. A
prepubertal child having any variety of hymen is consistent with no sexual activity—
certainly not the kind of sexual activity described by B.S."
Dr. Young went on to conclude that the evidence from the two anogenital examinations
falsified B.S.'s account of sexual abuse by Skaggs.
Skaggs relied on the expert opinion set forth in Dr. Young's affidavit to argue that
the photographic evidence was critical exculpatory evidence. Skaggs asserted that if the
photographic evidence had been provided to the defense and presented at trial, he would
have been acquitted. Skaggs further claimed that if Lober had consulted a medical expert
to discredit Dr. Sinclair's findings, he also would have been acquitted. Finally, although
acknowledging his motion was both untimely and successive, Skaggs claimed the newly
discovered evidence established a colorable claim of actual innocence that clears the
procedural hurdles of manifest injustice and exceptional circumstances to permit the
district court to address the underlying merits of his motion.9
On December 14, 2017, the district court appointed Kevin Reardon to represent
Skaggs in the second habeas case. The court held a status conference with the attorneys
on March 15, 2018. At the conference, Reardon advised the court that he wanted to
schedule a hearing on a motion he had drafted (but not yet filed) requesting the court
issue an order for Children's Mercy Hospital to produce all of B.S.'s medical records,
including the colposcopic photographs. The court scheduled a hearing on the matter for
April 12, 2018, which was then continued to May 10, 2018.
At the May 10, 2018 hearing, Reardon called only Skaggs and Skaggs' mother,
Susan Supplee, to testify. Skaggs testified that Owens, his counsel in a federal habeas
case he filed, previously consulted a pediatric nurse in Chicago to review some of the
medical evidence in his case. This happened after Skaggs' first state habeas proceeding.
In consulting with this nurse, Owens learned that there were photographs of B.S.'s
anogenital region from her follow-up examination and that they still were available at the
hospital. Skaggs explained that this was the first time he had heard about the pictures.
Skaggs testified that he wanted to obtain these pictures and have Dr. Young review them
in this case. Skaggs noted that neither he nor Lober ever received these photographs as a
part of discovery and that Lober never "bother[ed] to learn" they existed. Skaggs also said
that there was no testimony about the results of B.S.'s follow-up examination presented at
trial. Supplee did not provide any additional relevant testimony aside from stating that
she confirmed with the hospital that the colposcopic photographs still existed and that
Lober did not introduce these medical photos or Dr. Sinclair's follow-up report at her
son's trial.
In closing, Reardon argued that Skaggs was entitled to the photographic evidence,
regardless of whether it was purposely withheld or just negligently did not get disclosed.
Reardon stated that if the evidence was exculpatory, then it would go directly to Skaggs'
guilt or innocence, and at the very least, Skaggs should be allowed to have a medical 10
expert review the evidence. The court took the matter under advisement and stated it
would issue a written ruling.
On June 11, 2018, Judge Sundby issued his memorandum decision denying
Skaggs' second K.S.A. 60-1507 motion in its entirety. First, the court found the motion
was successive because the medical records at issue were known to the defense at the
time of Skaggs' trial and at the time of his first habeas proceeding. Judge Sundby
concluded: "The fact that a medical opinion has been recently acquired by Mr. Skaggs
regarding facts know[n] to movant for 10+ years, is not an exceptional circumstance." He
further found that Skaggs failed to establish the requisite manifest injustice to extend the
one-year filing deadline. Specifically, the court held Skaggs failed to establish a colorable
claim of actual innocence—which would be considered in the manifest injustice
analysis—because Dr. Sinclair's findings were not necessarily inconsistent and because
Lober knew about Dr. Sinclair's follow-up report and the photographs.
Skaggs filed a pro se motion to reconsider on June 28, 2018. Reardon later refiled
Skaggs' motion on December 19, 2018, and a supporting memorandum on January 18,
2019. In the motion, Skaggs largely rehashed the arguments in his original K.S.A. 60-
1507 motion. The only new information he added concerned the Kansas Supreme Court's
decision in Beauclair v. State, 308 Kan. 284, 419 P.3d 1180 (2018), which Skaggs argued
was relevant to the issues he asserted in his second habeas motion. Skaggs requested an
evidentiary hearing to argue his actual innocence claim.
On December 20, 2018, Judge Michael Gibbens held a nonevidentiary hearing to
consider the arguments of counsel on Skaggs' motion to reconsider. At the hearing,
Reardon admitted that Lober knew about the results of the follow-up examination before
trial but stated that Lober failed to elicit any testimony about those results at trial. As
such, the jury never heard or saw any evidence about the results of B.S.'s follow-up
examination. Judge Gibbens indicated that if there was any contest over the facts, he 11
would "probably want to hear testimony . . . from Mr. Lober." In response to Judge
Gibbens' comment, the State argued that the court previously denied Skaggs' claim of
ineffective assistance of counsel on this issue in the first K.S.A. 60-1507 proceeding. The
State explained that Lober testified at the first K.S.A. 60-1507 hearing that he
intentionally did not bring up the evidence at trial based on reasonable trial strategy. The
State further argued that because the evidence was known to Lober, Skaggs' second
habeas motion was successive and there was no new information to support a colorable
claim of actual innocence.
The district court remarked that although the State made a compelling argument in
asserting the issues had already been litigated, there appeared to be a subtle difference in
the argument: the first habeas motion alleged Lober was ineffective for failing to crossexamine Dr. Sinclair, but the argument in the second habeas motion was that Lober was
ineffective for essentially relying on erroneous medical evidence—i.e., a hymen cannot
regenerate—to develop an invalid trial strategy. The district court also noted that the
science concerning hymenal regeneration had not changed since 2008. At this point, the
State agreed with Judge Gibbens' assessment that the hymen cannot regrow. Judge
Gibbens then explained he would take the matter under advisement to determine if an
evidentiary hearing would be necessary.
On February 25, 2019, Judge Gibbens issued a memorandum decision denying
Skaggs' motion to reconsider the district court's previous order denying his K.S.A. 60-
1507 motion. He first found that Skaggs' motion was successive because the purported
newly discovered evidence could have been produced at trial if Lober had exercised
reasonable diligence. Judge Gibbens also rejected Skaggs' Brady claim as successive
because it could have been raised in Skaggs' previous habeas motion. Judge Gibbens
finally found Skaggs failed to establish a colorable claim of actual innocence upon which
the court could find manifest injustice because Skaggs did not show that it was more 12
likely than not that no reasonable juror would have convicted him in light of the alleged
new evidence.
ANALYSIS
Skaggs claims the district court erred in denying his habeas motion as untimely
and successive without conducting an evidentiary hearing first to determine whether he
could establish the manifest injustice and exceptional circumstances necessary to
overcome these procedural hurdles.
In determining how to proceed after a habeas motion is filed, a district court has
three options. First, it can review the case file on its own. If the court concludes from that
review that the case records conclusively show the prisoner is not entitled to any relief,
the court may dismiss the motion without a hearing. Second, the court may decide based
on its initial review that there is some potentially valid issue that it would like to have the
parties address. In that case, the court may appoint counsel and hold a preliminary
hearing. Third, if the court decides based on its review (or after a preliminary hearing)
that there is a potentially meritorious issue on which evidence needs to be heard, the court
must set the case for an evidentiary hearing. White v. State, 308 Kan. 491, 504, 421 P.3d
718 (2018). In deciding whether an evidentiary hearing must be held, the court generally
must accept the factual allegations set out in the motion as true. See Hogue v. Bruce, 279
Kan. 848, Syl. ¶ 1, 113 P.3d 234 (2005). But the factual allegations must be specific, not
mere conclusions. Mundy v. State, 307 Kan. 280, 304, 408 P.3d 965 (2018).
Here, the district court chose the second option and held a preliminary hearing.
The court took the matter under advisement and later ruled Skaggs was procedurally
barred from having the underlying merits of his motion considered because the motion
was both untimely filed and successive. Skaggs challenges this ruling, arguing new
evidence that was not presented at this trial along with the detailed affidavit he attached 13
to his motion—both of which are to be accepted as true at this preliminary stage—present
a potentially meritorious issue sufficient to trigger the need for an evidentiary hearing on
the underlying merits of his claim.
When reviewing the district court's decision after the district court conducts a
preliminary hearing, an appellate court applies a findings of fact and conclusions of law
standard of review to determine whether the findings are supported by substantial
competent evidence and whether those findings are sufficient to support its conclusions
of law. Bellamy v. State, 285 Kan. 346, 354, 172 P.3d 10 (2007).
1. Manifest injustice
A prisoner who files a K.S.A. 60-1507 motion must do so within one year after the
appeal is final. K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 60-1507(f)(1). The court issued the mandate in Skaggs'
direct appeal on September 9, 2010. Skaggs filed this second K.S.A. 60-1507 motion in
2017. He concedes he filed this motion outside the one-year time limit.
A district court may extend the one-year time limitation only to prevent manifest
injustice. K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 60-1507(f)(2). The burden is on the prisoner to establish
manifest injustice by a preponderance of the evidence. See White, 308 Kan. at 496.
Courts broadly have described manifest injustice as something "'obviously unfair' or
'shocking to the conscience.'" State v. Holt, 298 Kan. 469, 480, 313 P.3d 826 (2013). But
by statute, the court's manifest injustice analysis is limited to determining (1) "why the
prisoner failed to file the motion within the one-year time limitation" and (2) "whether
the prisoner makes a colorable claim of actual innocence." K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 60-
1507(f)(2). Skaggs contends that he satisfies both components. We address each of his
contentions in turn. 14
a. Reasons for untimely filing
For the first time on appeal, Skaggs argues that there are two reasons to justify
why he failed to timely file the claims in this second K.S.A. 60-1507 motion and that
both support a finding of manifest injustice. The first reason, he explains, is that Kurz, the
attorney who represented him in his first habeas motion, was constitutionally deficient for
failing to raise the current habeas claims in his first habeas motion, which was timely
filed. The second reason he offers for his late filing is that the State failed to correct false
medical information in the first K.S.A. 60-1507 proceeding.
i. Ineffective assistance of previous K.S.A. 60-1507 counsel
Skaggs acknowledges there is no constitutional right to effective assistance of
counsel in K.S.A. 60-1507 proceedings. See Robertson v. State, 288 Kan. 217, 228, 201
P.3d 691 (2009); Brown v. State, 278 Kan. 481, 483, 101 P.3d 1201 (2004). But there is a
conditional statutory right to the effective assistance of counsel in a K.S.A. 60-1507
proceeding. This statutory right applies regardless of whether counsel was appointed or
retained. See McIntyre v. State, 54 Kan. App. 2d 632, 638-43, 403 P.3d 1231 (2017)
(citing K.S.A. 22-4506[b] and [c]). Once this statutory right attaches, a K.S.A. 60-1507
movant is entitled to effective assistance of counsel. Robertson, 288 Kan. at 228; Brown,
278 Kan. at 483-84.
To prevail on an ineffective assistance of K.S.A. 60-1507 counsel claim, the
movant must establish (1) counsel's performance was deficient and (2) the movant
suffered legal prejudice as a result of that performance. Robertson, 288 Kan. at 228-32;
Alford v. State, 42 Kan. App. 2d 392, 398, 212 P.3d 250 (2009). Skaggs argues Kurz was
ineffective for (1) failing to obtain the photographs from B.S.'s follow-up examination
and (2) failing to hire an expert to testify at the K.S.A. 60-1507 hearing that it is
medically impossible for a hymen to regrow and then to use that information to impeach 15
Lober's testimony that his review of the medical literature supported his conclusion that a
hymen can regrow. Skaggs maintains impeaching Lober in this manner at the first habeas
proceeding easily would have shown that Lober's "strategy"—purportedly to avoid
challenging Dr. Sinclair's testimony that a hymen can regrow—was not a reasonable
strategy and in fact amounted to ineffective assistance of trial counsel. Skaggs asks this
court to find Kurz' constitutionally deficient performance establishes the manifest
injustice necessary to overcome the one-year time limitation.
Generally, an appellate court will not consider an allegation of ineffective
assistance of counsel raised for the first time on appeal. Alford, 42 Kan. App. 2d at 394.
Kansas appellate courts previously have disposed of these claims in one of three ways.
First, the appellate court can adhere to the general rule, decline to address the issue, and
leave the movant to pursue relief through a timely subsequent K.S.A. 60-1507 motion.
See, e.g., State v. Cox, No. 104,292, 2011 WL 6382755, at *2-4 (Kan. App. 2011)
(unpublished opinion). Second, if the quality of counsel's assistance can be determined
from the record on appeal, the appellate court may address the issue without remand to
the district court. See, e.g., Robertson, 288 Kan. 217, Syl. ¶ 6. Third, if the quality of
counsel's assistance cannot be determined from the record on appeal, the appellate court
may remand to the district court for further proceedings pursuant to State v. Van Cleave,
239 Kan. 117, 716 P.2d 580 (1986). See, e.g., State v. Allen, No. 101,367, 2010 WL
3636269, at *3 (Kan. App. 2010) (unpublished opinion).
Before an appellate court can utilize this third option, our Kansas Supreme Court
has explained that the appellant must first show at least some prior investigation into the
claimed ineffectiveness. See State v. Levy, 292 Kan. 379, 389, 253 P.3d 341 (2011). The
Levy court cautioned:
"In Van Cleave, we set guidelines for an appellate court to follow in exercising
its discretion when deciding whether to remand a case for an evidentiary hearing. In that 16
case, we noted an appellant's counsel must do more than simply read the cold record of
the proceedings before the district court and then argue that he or she would have handled
the case differently. We held that counsel must attempt to determine the circumstances
under which trial counsel did—or did not—proceed as the appellate counsel believes
preferable and conduct at least some investigation into the claimed ineffectiveness. We
then noted: 'Except in the most unusual cases, [for an appellate counsel] to assert a claim
of ineffective assistance of counsel without an independent inquiry and investigation
apart from reading the record is questionable to say the least.' [Citations omitted.]" 292
Kan. at 389.
Based on our review of the motion, files, records, and statements of counsel at oral
argument, we find Skaggs' current habeas counsel has conducted an investigation to
determine why Kurz did not attempt to impeach Lober about the medical impossibility of
hymen regeneration or cross-examine Lober about the source of the medical literature
upon which he relied in deciding not to challenge Dr. Sinclair's opinion. As part of this
investigation, appellate counsel consulted with a medical expert, whose report is attached
to the motion here and which begs the question of why Kurz did not similarly hire a
medical expert to impeach Lober's testimony. While the record and Skaggs' brief reflect
that habeas counsel conducted some investigation into Kurz' alleged ineffectiveness, both
are unclear as to why Kurz chose to disregard this evidence in the first habeas action. In
other words, there is no indication whether Kurz' decision was intentional, strategic, or
inadvertent error. Therefore, we find it appropriate to remand the matter for a Van Cleave
evidentiary hearing so the district court can hear testimony and review evidence about
Kurz' representation of Skaggs in the first K.S.A. 60-1507 motion for the limited
purposes of deciding whether Skaggs has established manifest injustice for failing to
timely file the claims in this second K.S.A. 60-1507 motion.17
ii. State's failure to correct false information
The second reason Skaggs advances to justify why he failed to timely file his
second K.S.A. 60-1507 motion is that the State knew or should have known during the
first K.S.A. 60-1507 proceeding that Lober's "tactical" reason for not cross-examining
Dr. Sinclair was incorrect. Specifically, the State knew or should have known that hymen
regeneration was false medical information, and it should not have argued in favor of
denying Skaggs relief. In further support of this allegation, Skaggs notes that—contrary
to its assertion at trial and in the first habeas proceedings—the State substantively agreed
during these proceedings that a hymen cannot regrow.
Even if this could be true, we fail to see how Skaggs' allegations regarding what
the State should have known at trial or what the State presented as argument during the
first or second habeas proceeding justifies Skaggs' failure to timely file the claims set
forth in the current K.S.A. 60-1507 motion. As such, Skaggs' allegation that the State
failed to correct false information is insufficient to establish manifest injustice.
b. Actual innocence
In deciding whether a prisoner has established the required manifest injustice to
overcome an untimely motion, K.S.A. 60-1507 permits the court to determine "whether
the prisoner makes a colorable claim of actual innocence." K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 60-
1507(f)(2)(A). Skaggs argues that under two United States Supreme Court cases—
Schlup, 513 U.S. 298, and Carrier, 477 U.S. 478—he has established a colorable claim of
actual innocence to provide a "gateway" around the procedural hurdle of untimeliness
that would otherwise apply.
Our consideration of Skaggs' argument is made easier by our Kansas Supreme
Court's recent decision in Beauclair. See 308 Kan. 284. In Beauclair, our Supreme Court 18
expressly identified the two types of actual innocence claims that exist in Kansas habeas
law. 308 Kan. at 295-99. First, there are the claims that fall under Herrera v. Collins, 506
U.S. 390, 113 S. Ct. 853, 122 L. Ed. 2d 203 (1993). Habeas claims pursuant to Herrera
are ones in which a movant asserts a substantive claim of actual innocence—e.g., arguing
that newly discovered evidence establishes a movant is actually innocent and requires a
new trial. Beauclair, 308 Kan. at 295-99 (citing Neer v. State, No. 111,230, 2015 WL
1310815 [Kan. App. 2015] [unpublished opinion]). The most familiar Herrera claims are
those in which DNA testing leads to exoneration of the applicant.
Second, there are the claims that fall under Schlup, 513 U.S. 298, and Carrier, 477
U.S. 478. Schlup claims are procedural habeas claims that provide a "'gateway through
which a habeas petitioner must pass to have his [or her] otherwise barred constitutional
claim considered on the merits.'" Beauclair, 308 Kan. 298-99 (quoting Schlup, 513 U.S.
at 315). The claim of actual innocence is not itself a constitutional claim, but instead it
provides the movant with an opportunity to clear the procedural hurdles of untimeliness
and successiveness that otherwise prevent the court from considering the underlying
habeas claim on the merits. Beauclair, 308 Kan. at 297-99 (citing Schlup, 513 U.S. at
314-15). Therefore, a movant may succeed on a Schlup claim only if the movant's claims
for habeas relief are procedurally barred.
The underlying habeas motion filed here asserts claims of ineffective assistance of
trial and appellate counsel as well as a Brady violation. Skaggs acknowledges his motion
is both untimely and successive. But as in Beauclair, Skaggs asserts his claim of actual
innocence as a gateway to defeat these procedural bars so the court can consider the
merits of his underlying motion. Given this procedural posture, Skaggs' assertion of
innocence is a Schlup claim. See Schlup, 513 U.S. at 315.
To satisfy the actual innocence component of the manifest injustice standard, the
Kansas habeas statute requires Skaggs "to show it is more likely than not that no 19
reasonable juror would have convicted [him] in light of new evidence." K.S.A. 2019
Supp. 60-1507(f)(2)(A). As our Supreme Court pointed out in its recent Beauclair
opinion, that statutory standard "mirrors" the federal caselaw standard Skaggs has cited
from the United States Supreme Court's opinion in Carrier. See Beauclair, 308 Kan. at
301. Under the Carrier standard, an inmate seeking habeas relief is entitled to
consideration of the merits of the motion if the inmate's claim of actual innocence
establishes it is more likely than not that no reasonable juror would have convicted in
light of new evidence. And because the question that jurors must answer in a criminal
trial is whether a defendant is guilty beyond a reasonable doubt, the inmate's "burden at
the gateway stage is merely to demonstrate 'that more likely than not any reasonable juror
would have reasonable doubt.'" Beauclair, 308 Kan. at 301 (quoting House v. Bell, 547
U.S. 518, 538, 126 S. Ct. 2064, 165 L. Ed. 2d 1 [2006] [discussing the Carrier standard]).
In Carrier, the Court stated: "[I]n an extraordinary case, where a constitutional violation
has probably resulted in the conviction of one who is actually innocent, a federal habeas
court may grant the writ even in the absence of a showing of cause for the procedural
default." 477 U.S. at 496. Schlup, the other United States Supreme Court case Skaggs
cited, relied upon the Carrier standard. After noting the similarity between the language
of our statute and the federal standard, our Supreme Court "adopt[ed] the Carrier
standard" when considering an actual innocence claim as a gateway around the
procedural bar of the one-year time limit in K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 60-1507(f). Beauclair,
308 Kan. at 301.
Applying the Schlup and Carrier standards here means that Skaggs would be
entitled to an evidentiary hearing on his gateway actual innocence claim if he has
presented new evidence that, if true, would show it is more likely than not that no
reasonable juror would have convicted him beyond a reasonable doubt given the new
evidence. This requires the district court to evaluate whether the new evidence presents
specific facts that are not contradicted by the record and then, if so, to evaluate whether
the new evidence, considered in light of all the evidence at trial, would support a 20
conclusion that Skaggs has met the actual innocence test—the caveat being that the
district court must assume the new evidence is true when determining whether to conduct
an evidentiary hearing. See Hogue, 279 Kan. 848, Syl. ¶ 1 (in deciding whether an
evidentiary hearing must be held, the court generally must accept the factual allegations
set out in the motion as true).
Application of this standard is a highly factual inquiry, even at the stage of
determining whether the petitioner should be granted an evidentiary hearing on his actual
innocence claim. See Schlup, 513 U.S. at 301-13 (setting forth, in great detail, the facts
supporting the petitioner's requested relief). The district court "must make its
determination concerning the petitioner's innocence 'in light of all the evidence.'" 513
U.S. at 328. It must review both the reliability of the new evidence and its materiality to
the conviction being challenged, which in turn requires an examination of the quality of
the evidence that produced the original conviction. See House, 547 U.S. at 538 ("Schlup
makes plain that the habeas court must consider '"all the evidence,"' old and new,
incriminating and exculpatory, without regard to whether it would necessarily be
admitted under 'rules of admissibility that would govern at trial.' Based on this total
record, the court must make a 'probabilistic determination about what reasonable,
properly instructed jurors would do.' [Citations omitted.]"); Schlup, 513 U.S. at 331-32
("[T]he District Court must assess the probative force of the newly presented evidence in
connection with the evidence of guilt adduced at trial."). But the "court's function is not
to make an independent factual determination about what likely occurred, but rather to
assess the likely impact of the evidence on reasonable jurors." House, 547 U.S. at 538.
Since the jury did not hear the new evidence, the district court should "assess how
reasonable jurors would react to the overall, newly supplemented record." 547 U.S. at
538. And unlike summary judgment proceedings, the district court may make some
credibility determinations based on the new evidence in determining whether to conduct
an evidentiary hearing. See Schlup, 513 U.S. at 332 ("[T]he court may consider how . . . 21
the likely credibility of the affiants bear on the probable reliability of that evidence.").
Finally, it bears emphasizing that
"the Schlup standard does not require absolute certainty about the petitioner's guilt or
innocence. A petitioner's burden at the gateway stage is to demonstrate that more likely
than not, in light of the new evidence, no reasonable juror would find him guilty beyond a
reasonable doubt—or, to remove the double negative, that more likely than not any
reasonable juror would have reasonable doubt." House, 547 U.S. at 538.
With these principles in mind, we review the district court's decision to deny Skaggs'
request for an evidentiary hearing on his Schlup gateway claim of actual innocence.
The district court decided an evidentiary hearing was not required in this case
because Skaggs' motion and the files and the records of the case conclusively showed that
Skaggs was not entitled to relief. Specifically, the court held that the February 5 followup exam report, the February 5 examination photographs, and Dr. Young's affidavit were
not "newly discovered" evidence that could support a claim of actual innocence because
they all could have been produced at trial through the exercise of due diligence. In
coming to this decision, the court relied on Moncla v. State, 285 Kan. 826, 839-40, 176
P.3d 954 (2008). In Moncla, the Supreme Court held that appellate courts must consider
the following factors in deciding whether the district court was required to have held an
evidentiary hearing before denying a defendant's motion for new trial based on newly
discovered evidence: (1) whether the motion alleges facts that do not appear in the
original record and which, if true, would entitle the defendant to relief; (2) whether the
motion sufficiently identifies available witnesses whose testimony would support the
allegedly new facts and demonstrate that the defendant should receive a new trial; and (3)
whether the defendant's newly discovered evidence could have been produced at trial
through reasonable diligence. 285 Kan. at 840. 22
Skaggs argues the district court made a critical legal error in denying an
evidentiary hearing on the basis that he did not present "newly discovered evidence" as
that term is described in Moncla, 285 Kan. at 839-40. Specifically, he argues the district
court erred in finding that the new evidence he presented—the February 5 follow-up
exam, the February 5 photographs, and Dr. Young's affidavit—was not "newly
discovered" because it could have been produced at trial through the exercise of due
diligence. In support of error, Skaggs asserts "new evidence" for purposes of the
Schlup/Carrier actual innocence standard is not co-extensive with the "newly discovered
evidence" standard articulated in Moncla. Instead, Skaggs maintains the Moncla
consideration should be whether the defendant's newly discovered evidence was
presented at trial, not whether it could have been produced through reasonable diligence.
Before addressing Skaggs' argument, we find it helpful to review the procedural
posture in which the Supreme Court decided Moncla. In 1995, a jury convicted Moncla
of first-degree murder in the killing of Diane Swinney, who died after sustaining 18
blows to the head with a hammer. An employee of Swinney's named Kevin Robertson
discovered her body. After the conviction was affirmed on direct appeal, Moncla filed a
motion for a new trial based on affidavits from Scott Staggs and Allen Richards, two
inmates who would implicate Robertson in the murder for which Moncla was convicted.
The district court held an evidentiary hearing, at which Staggs, Richards, Robertson, and
Moncla testified. Staggs testified that, while they were in prison together, Robertson
directly confessed that he and his brother killed Swinney. Richards testified that during a
time when he and Robertson were in prison together, Robertson commented that the
police had put the wrong man in jail for Swinney's murder. For his part, Robertson denied
telling Staggs or Richards anything about the murder. The district court ultimately denied
Moncla's motion for a new trial. The court found the testimony of Staggs and Richards
was not credible and failed to explain the physical evidence presented at trial that
supported Moncla's conviction. The court noted that the jury heard Moncla's testimony at
trial regarding Robertson's alleged connection to the crime, that Robertson himself also 23
testified at the trial, and that Robertson had an alibi for the time window in which the
crime was committed. The district court's decision was affirmed by the Kansas Supreme
Court. See Moncla, 285 Kan. at 826; State v. Moncla, 273 Kan. 856, 46 P.3d 1162
(2002); State v. Moncla, 269 Kan. 61, 4 P.3d 618 (2000).
In 2003, Moncla filed a K.S.A. 60-1507 motion alleging he was entitled to a new
trial based on newly discovered evidence. In the motion, Moncla claimed that four new
witnesses would implicate Robertson in Swinney's murder. The district court summarily
denied Moncla's motion without an evidentiary hearing. Our Supreme Court reversed,
concluding that the district court abused its discretion in denying Moncla an evidentiary
hearing. 285 Kan. at 841. In deciding that the district court should have conducted an
evidentiary hearing on Moncla's newly discovered evidence claim before denying his
request for a new trial, the court found (1) the motion alleged facts not in the original
record which, if true, would entitle Moncla to relief; (2) the motion adequately identified
witnesses to support the alleged facts; and (3) the newly discovered evidence could not
have been produced at his trial through the exercise of reasonable diligence. 285 Kan. at
840. Regarding the third consideration, the Kansas Supreme Court found the proposed
witness testimony could be characterized as newly discovered but only to the extent it
related to events and statements made after Moncla's trial. Because there had been no
evidentiary hearing to flesh out the testimony, the court stated it had "no idea whether the
evidence they present truly can be characterized as 'newly discovered.' Our lack of
information on these points is shared by the district judge who rejected these claims
without a hearing." 285 Kan. at 840.
With this background, we are ready to address Skaggs' argument. Concisely stated,
Skaggs claims he is entitled to an evidentiary hearing on the underlying merits of his
habeas motion because he has tendered newly discovered evidence that was not presented
at trial, which satisfies the gateway actual innocence component of the manifest injustice
standard in order to overcome the one-year time limitation. In making this claim, 24
however, Skaggs assumes he only is required on a gateway procedural claim of actual
innocence to show that the new evidence offered was not produced at trial, as opposed to
what is required under the Moncla standard, that the new evidence could not have been
produced at trial through reasonable diligence. So before addressing whether Skaggs is
entitled to an evidentiary hearing on the underlying merits of his motion, we first must
decide whether submitting new evidence that was not presented at trial is sufficient to
establish a gateway procedural claim of actual innocence to overcome the one-year time
limitation.
Relevant to our analysis, we note the issue in Moncla was whether the new
evidence of actual innocence presented by the movant was sufficient to get him an
evidentiary hearing to present that evidence for purposes of getting a new trial. Here,
however, we are faced with a prefatory issue: whether the new evidence of actual
innocence presented by Skaggs is sufficient to show manifest injustice for purposes of
overcoming the procedural one-year time limitation applicable to his motion. This
distinction is significant because the "reasonable diligence" consideration set forth by the
Moncla court was implicitly grounded in K.S.A. 22-3501, which is a Kansas statute that
permits a trial court to grant a new trial based on newly discovered evidence "in the
interest of justice." 285 Kan. at 839-40 (citing Taylor v. State, 251 Kan. 272, 288, 834
P.2d 1325 [1992], disapproved of on other grounds by State v. Orr, 262 Kan. 312, 940
P.2d 42 [1997]). In Taylor, the issue was whether the habeas court erred in deciding a
new trial was not warranted based on the entomology evidence the movant alleged to be
newly discovered. The Taylor court began its analysis with K.S.A. 22-3501 and
explained that
"Kansas courts have developed a two-pronged test for determining when new trials are
required under K.S.A. 22-3501:
"1. The evidence must be new; the defendant must show the evidence could not
with reasonable diligence have been produced at trial. 25
"2. The evidence must be of such materiality it would likely produce a different
result at a new trial." Taylor, 251 Kan. at 288 (citing State v. Neal, 243 Kan. 756, 760,
763 P.2d 621 [1988]).
So the first part of the Taylor test, upon which the Moncla court relied to require
consideration of whether the new evidence could have been produced at trial with
reasonable diligence consideration, is rooted in the Kansas Supreme Court's interpretation
of K.S.A. 22-3501. But unlike Moncla and Taylor, the issue here is not whether an
evidentiary hearing is required on a substantive actual innocence claim seeking a new
trial under K.S.A. 22-3501. Instead, Skaggs presents a procedural actual innocence claim
under K.S.A. 60-1507 to provide him a gateway through which he can pass to have his
otherwise barred constitutional claim considered on the merits.
Given the distinction between the substantive actual innocence claim in Moncla
and the procedural actual innocence claim here, we turn to Skaggs' second argument
about the third Moncla consideration: that the standard should be whether the defendant's
new evidence was presented at trial, not whether it could have been produced at trial
through reasonable diligence. In support of his argument, Skaggs directs us to the
analysis in Reeves v. Fayette SCI, 897 F.3d 154 (3d Cir. 2018), cert. denied 139 S. Ct.
2713 (2019). Reeves was convicted after a jury trial of robbery and second-degree
murder. Reeves later filed an untimely habeas petition that provided new evidence
concerning alternative suspects. Acknowledging that his petition was untimely, Reeves
asserted ineffective assistance of counsel to excuse his petition's untimeliness under the
actual innocence exception to procedural default recognized in Schlup. The magistrate
court declined to hold an evidentiary hearing because the new evidence concerning
alternative suspects was evidence available to him and his trial counsel at the time of
trial.
On appeal, the Reeves court acknowledged a split in the federal circuits on
whether new evidence presented to support a Schlup claim of actual innocence must be 26
"newly discovered" evidence that was unavailable at trial or "newly presented" evidence
that was not introduced at trial. The court first cited to a decision from the Eighth Circuit
Court of Appeals which held that "'evidence is new only if it was not available at trial and
could not have been discovered earlier through the exercise of due diligence.'" 897 F.3d
at 161 (citing Amrine v. Bowersox, 238 F.3d 1023, 1028 [8th Cir. 2001]). But the court
went on to note that the Courts of Appeals for the First, Second, Seventh, Sixth, and
Ninth Circuits held that "actual innocence can be shown by relying on newly presented—
not just newly discovered—evidence of innocence." 897 F.3d at 161-62. The court found
the decision reached by the majority of circuits made sense:
"Those courts that define 'new evidence' to include evidence not presented at trial
find support in Schlup. In announcing the standard for a gateway actual innocence claim,
the Schlup Court stated that a federal habeas court, after being presented with new,
reliable exculpatory evidence, must then weigh 'all of the evidence, including . . .
evidence tenably claimed to have been wrongly excluded or to have become available
only after the trial' to determine whether no reasonable juror would have found the
petitioner guilty. The reference to 'wrongly excluded' evidence suggests that the
assessment of an actual innocence claim is not intended to be strictly limited to newly
discovered evidence—at least not in the context of reaching an ineffective assistance of
counsel claim based on counsel's failure to investigate or present at trial such exculpatory
evidence, as was the case in Schlup. In addition, in articulating the new, reliable evidence
requirement, the Supreme Court stated that the petitioner must 'support his allegations of
constitutional error with new reliable evidence—whether it be exculpatory scientific
evidence, trustworthy eyewitness accounts, or critical physical evidence—that was not
presented at trial.' Moreover, the Court used the phrase 'newly presented evidence' in the
context of discussing witness credibility assessments that may occur as part of the actual
innocence gateway analysis. When considered in the context of the Court's other
statement about weighing all evidence—including not only evidence unavailable at trial
but also evidence excluded at trial—these references to evidence not presented at trial
further suggest that new evidence, solely where counsel was ineffective for failing to
discover or use such evidence, requires only that the evidence not be presented to the
factfinder at trial. Indeed, among the new evidence presented by the petitioner in Schlup27
was an affidavit containing witness statements that were available at trial, but the
Supreme Court did not discuss the significance of the evidence's availability nor reject
the evidence outright, which presumably it would have done if the actual innocence
gateway was strictly limited to newly discovered evidence. Schlup therefore strongly
suggests that new evidence in the actual innocence context refers to newly presented
exculpatory evidence. Indeed, in a subsequent decision, the Supreme Court cited Schlup
for this very proposition, stating that '[t]o be credible,' a claim of actual innocence must
be based on reliable evidence not presented at trial.' [Citations omitted.]" Reeves, 897
F.3d at 162-63.
Although citing favorably to the holdings in the majority of circuits, the Reeves
court ultimately adopted a modified approach by holding that new evidence generally
must be newly discovered but recognizing that a narrow exception to procedural default
based on actual innocence should be applied when a petitioner asserts ineffective
assistance of counsel based on counsel's failure to discover or present to the fact-finder
the very exculpatory evidence that demonstrates his actual innocence. Under these
limited circumstances, the court held that newly presented evidence constitutes new
evidence for purposes of the Schlup actual innocence gateway. 897 F.3d at 164.
We find the modified approach in Reeves to be sound and adopt it under the
circumstances presented here, where the underlying constitutional violation claimed is
ineffective assistance of counsel premised on counsel's failure to present new evidence.
To require that the new evidence be unknown to the defense at the time of trial would
operate as a roadblock to the actual innocence gateway. 897 F.3d at 164 (citing Gomez v.
Jaimet, 350 F.3d 673, 679-80 [7th Cir. 2003]). To overcome this roadblock, we hold that
when a movant asserts ineffective assistance of counsel based on counsel's failure to
discover or present to the fact-finder the very exculpatory evidence that demonstrates his
actual innocence, such evidence constitutes new evidence for purposes of the Schlup
procedural actual innocence standard. This is a narrow holding based on the facts
presented in this case on appeal. Our decision should not be read as a sweeping 28
pronouncement that newly presented exculpatory evidence must always be considered in
an actual innocence gateway context. Because it is not necessary to decide the issue
presented on appeal in this case, we expressly do not reach the issue of whether newly
presented evidence constitutes new evidence for purposes of the Schlup actual innocence
gateway in cases other than those, like here, where the underlying constitutional violation
claimed is ineffective assistance of counsel premised on counsel's failure to present new
evidence.
The newly presented evidence submitted by Skaggs here includes the follow-up
exam report, the follow-up exam photographs, and Dr. Young's affidavit. As asserted in
Skaggs' K.S.A. 60-1507 motion below, the follow-up exam of B.S. performed on
February 5 established she had normal genitalia and an intact hymen. This information
directly contradicted Dr. Sinclair's earlier SAFE report findings of January 22, which
concluded that B.S.'s hymen was completely absent, and the absence of her hymen
constituted a physical finding consistent with sexual assault. In his affidavit, Dr. Young
stated that it is medically impossible for the hymen to regrow, especially given the
repeated nature of the sexual assaults over a period of three months, as alleged by B.S.
Dr. Young's affidavit establishes that the findings of January 22 and those of February 5
cannot both be true.
Assuming the specific facts alleged in Skaggs' K.S.A. 60-1507 motion along with
the factual substance of Dr. Young's affidavit attached to the motion are true, we
conclude it may be possible for Skaggs to satisfy the actual innocence component of the
manifest injustice standard. Because there was no evidentiary hearing to flesh out the
newly presented testimony and review the newly presented evidence, we are not in a
position to determine whether Skaggs has shown "it is more likely than not that no
reasonable juror would have convicted [him] in light of new evidence." K.S.A. 2019
Supp. 60-1507(f)(2)(A). Accordingly, we remand to the district court for an evidentiary
hearing at which the judge must hear the newly presented testimony and review the 29
newly presented evidence for purposes of making a decision on Skaggs' gateway claim of
actual innocence. That claim will qualify as a "colorable claim of actual innocence" for
purposes of establishing manifest injustice if the district court finds it "more likely than
not that no reasonable juror would have convicted [him] in light of new evidence."
K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 60-1507(f)(2)(A). If that threshold is reached, the one-year time limit
of K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 60-1507(f) should be excused and the district judge should then
address the merits of Skaggs' K.S.A. 60-1507 motion. See Beauclair, 308 Kan. at 303-04.
2. Exceptional circumstances
K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 60-1507(c) and Supreme Court Rule 183(d) (2020 Kan. S. Ct.
R. 223) provide that a district court is not required to entertain successive motions on
behalf of the same prisoner. This rule prohibiting successive motions, however, is subject
to limited exceptions. Thuko v. State, 310 Kan. 74, 84, 444 P.3d 927 (2019). To avoid
having a second or successive K.S.A. 60-1507 motion dismissed as an abuse of remedy,
the movant must establish exceptional circumstances. "Exceptional circumstances" are
defined as unusual events or intervening changes in the law that prevented the movant
from raising the issues in the preceding K.S.A. 60-1507 motion. Beauclair, 308 Kan. at
304.
In Beauclair, the Kansas Supreme Court concluded that a colorable claim of actual
innocence based on new evidence could serve as an "unusual event" sufficient to provide
a gateway past this procedural hurdle. 308 Kan. at 304. And we already have found that
Skaggs may be able to establish a colorable claim of actual innocence based on newly
presented evidence. Thus, if Skaggs is successful on remand in showing a colorable claim
under the Schlup/Carrier standard, he will meet not only the manifest injustice standard
to excuse untimeliness but also the exceptional circumstances standard to excuse
successiveness. 30
Outcome: Skaggs has presented potentially meritorious claims of manifest injustice and
extraordinary circumstances that may be sufficient to overcome the procedural hurdles
that prevent the district court from deciding the merits of his underlying K.S.A. 60-1507
motion; therefore, he is entitled to an evidentiary hearing before the district court only on
these procedural issues. See White, 308 Kan. at 504. Accordingly, we reverse the district
court's decision to deny Skaggs' motion as untimely and successive and remand to the
district court to hold
a Van Cleave evidentiary hearing to determine whether Kurz provided ineffective
assistance of counsel in the first K.S.A. 60-1507 proceedings and, if so, whether
the ineffective nature of Kurz' assistance establishes the requisite manifest
injustice for failing to timely file the claims in this second K.S.A. 60-1507 motion
or establishes the extraordinary circumstances necessary to overcome the
successive nature of the motion; and
an evidentiary hearing on Skaggs' gateway procedural claim of actual innocence to
determine whether the new evidence presented by Skaggs at that hearing
establishes that it is more likely than not that no reasonable juror would have
convicted him in light of the new evidence he presents. If the district court
determines that threshold is reached, the one-year time limit of K.S.A. 2019 Supp.
60-1507(f) and the prohibition on successive motions of K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 60-
1507(c) should be excused and the district judge should then address the merits of
Skaggs' K.S.A. 60-1507 motion.
Reversed and remanded with directions
Plaintiff's Experts:
Defendant's Experts:
Comments: