Date: 04-09-2016

Case Style: Texas Commission on Environmental Quality v. Exxon Mobil Corporation; Exxon Mobil Oil Corporation; Pennzoil-Quaker State Company and Shell Oil Companyt

Case Number: 03-14-00667-CV

Judge: David Puryear, Bob Pemberton, Cindy Olson Bourland

Court: TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN

Plaintiff's Attorney: Craig Pritzlaff, Linda B. Secord, Thomas H. Edwards

Defendant's Attorney: Kent Rutter, John Eldridge, Adam Sencenbaugh

Description: In this case of first impression, the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality
contends that the two types of Superfund orders it is empowered to issue are mutually exclusive,
meaning that one order cannot be issued under both ordering provisions. The Commission further
contends that the Superfund order at issue here is an order issued under Section 361.188 of the Solid
Waste Disposal Act and that the order therefore is governed by the substantial-evidence standard of
review found in Section 361.321. See generally Tex. Health & Safety Code §§ 361.001-.966 (“Solid
Waste Disposal Act” or “Act”). The pending case arose after the Commission issued an
administrative order related to cleanup of the Voda Petroleum State Superfund Site (“Voda Order”).
The Commission appeals from a trial court’s order denying its plea to the jurisdiction in a suit filed
by appellees Exxon Mobil Corporation, ExxonMobil Oil Corporation, Pennzoil-Quaker State
Company, and Shell Oil Company (collectively, “ExxonMobil and Shell”) challenging the Voda
Order. On appeal, the Commission asserts that because the supreme court in City of Waco conducted
a substantial-evidence review in the absence of a contested-case or adjudicative hearing, this Court
should reverse the trial court’s order denying the Commission’s plea to the jurisdiction and remand
the case with a finding that the courts should review the Voda Order only under
the substantial-evidence standard provided in Section 361.321 of the Act, not the
preponderance-of-evidence standard provided in Section 361.322. See Texas Comm’n on Envt’l 1
Quality v. City of Waco, 413 S.W.3d 409 (Tex. 2013). Specifically, in three issues, the Commission
contends that (1) the Act establishes two separate types of Superfund orders found in Sections
361.188 and 361.272 with distinct waivers of immunity found in Sections 361.321 and Section
361.322, respectively; (2) the Commission issued the Voda Order only under Section 361.188 and
therefore it is reviewable only under Section 361.321; and (3) courts lack subject-matter jurisdiction
to review the Voda Order under any section other than Section 361.321. Because we conclude that
Section 361.321 allows “[a] person affected by a ruling, order, decision, or other act of the1 . . . commission” to appeal the action and establishes that “[e]xcept as provided by Section 361.322[g], in an appeal from an action of the commission . . . , the issue is whether the action is invalid, arbitrary, or unreasonable.” Tex. Health & Safety Code § 361.321(a), (e) (emphasis added). As a preliminary matter, the parties acknowledge that due to a drafting omission when Subchapter F was amended, the reference in Section 361.321(e) to “Section 361.322(e)” should read “Section 361.322(g).” In addition, the parties agree that Section 361.321’s “invalid, arbitrary, or unreasonable” standard means the scope of review set forth in Administrative Procedure Act Section 2001.174 (commonly termed “substantial-evidence” review) and is a review limited to the administrative record. See Smith v. Houston Chem. Servs., 872 S.W.2d 252, 257 n.2 (Tex. App.—Austin 1994, writ denied) (construing subsection (e) as incorporating entire scope of review allowed by Texas Government Code Sections 2001.171-.174, including all subsections of Section 2001.174(2)(A)-(F)); see also Tex. Gov’t Code § 2001.174 (establishing scope of review in contested case when law authorizes review under substantial-evidence rule or when law does not define scope of judicial review). 2
Section 361.322 applies to administrative orders issued by the Commission under Section 361.188,
we will affirm.
STATUTORY FRAMEWORK
A brief overview of Superfund legislation will give context to our analysis of the two
types of administrative orders at issue. The Solid Waste Disposal Act “is our state counterpart to
two federal environmental statutes: the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (‘RCRA’),
42 U.S.C. §§ 6901–6992, and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and
Liability Act (‘CERCLA’), 42 U.S.C. §§ 9601–9675.” R.R. Street & Co. v. Pilgrim Enters.,
166 S.W.3d 232, 238 (Tex. 2005). RCRA primarily regulates “on-going treatment, storage, and
disposal of solid and hazardous wastes.” B.F. Goodrich Co. v. Murtha, 958 F.2d 1192, 1201
(2d Cir.1992). CERCLA, on the other hand, is a remedial statute whose purpose is to facilitate a
prompt response to a release or substantial threat of a release of hazardous substances into the
environment, to provide broad authority for the cleanup of hazardous-substance sites, and to ensure
that those responsible for the hazardous substances bear the cost of their actions. United States
v. Alcan Aluminum Corp., 964 F.2d 252, 258 (3d Cir.1992). Specifically, it allows the government
to clean up contaminated sites using the Hazardous Substance Superfund, a trust fund, see
42 U.S.C. § 9601(11), and then recover costs from those parties who benefitted from the wastes that
caused the harm, see OHM Remediation Servs. v. Evans Cooperage Co., 116 F.3d 1574, 1578
(5th Cir. 1997). CERCLA creates a broad liability scheme that “extends liability all the way down
the causal chain, from those who generate waste through those who dispose of it” and imposes strict
liability that is joint and several when the harm is indivisible. Id. at 1578-79.
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The Texas Legislature enacted the Solid Waste Disposal Act “to safeguard the health,
welfare, and physical property of the people and to protect the environment by controlling the
management of solid waste, including accounting for hazardous waste that is generated.” Tex.
Health & Safety Code § 361.002(a); see also R.R. Street, 166 S.W.3d at 238. The Act originally only
regulated the collection, handling, storage, and disposal of solid wastes through a permitting
program. Solid Waste Disposal Act, 61st Leg., R.S., ch. 405, 1969 Tex. Gen. Laws 1320 (“original
Act”), repealed and recodified by Act of May 18, 1989, 71st Leg., R.S., ch. 678, 1989 Tex. Gen.
Laws 2230, 2612-64. The original Act authorized the responsible agencies to issue permits
governing the operation of and maintenance of solid-waste disposal sites and to establish minimum
standards for the management and control of solid waste. Original Act at 1322-23. While the
original Act imposed civil penalties for entities that violated its provisions and allowed any “person
affected by any ruling, order, decision, or other act of the department or the board” to “appeal by
filing a petition in the district court of Travis County,” see original Act at 1326-28, it did not
authorize the issuance of administrative orders like the Voda Order. The original Act did not
empower the State to clean up contaminated sites or to order the persons responsible for the
contamination to pay the cost of a cleanup.
After CERCLA’s enactment, the Legislature amended the Act to create the State’s
own Superfund program within the existing solid-waste permitting statute. Act of May 27, 1985,
69th Leg., R.S., ch. 566, 1985 Tex. Gen. Laws 2166-83, repealed and recodified by Act of
May 18, 1989, 71st Leg., R.S., ch. 678, 1989 Tex. Gen. Laws 2230, 2612-64. The current Act allows
the State to issue two different types of administrative orders, giving it a broader reach than
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CERCLA. One type of administrative order concerns hazardous wastes only (“188 order”), while
the other applies to solid waste, a category that includes but is not limited to hazardous wastes
(“272 order”). Tex. Health & Safety Code §§ 361.188, .272; see also id. § 361.003(12) (defining
“hazardous waste”), (34) (defining “solid waste”). Like CERCLA, both types of orders impose strict
liability that is joint and several when the harm is indivisible. See id. §§ 361.187(f) (potentially
responsible party’s ultimate liability for remediation determined under Subchapter I),
.276 (Subchapter I provision establishing that liability is joint and several if release or threatened
release is not proved to be divisible).
Specifically, a 188 order concerns the release or threatened release of hazardous
wastes at a hazardous-waste facility that presents an imminent and substantial endangerment to
public health and safety or the environment and should be listed on the state Superfund registry. Id.
§ 361.188(a)(1). Under this type of order, which is issued after an investigation/feasibility study and
a public meeting to discuss a proposed remedial action, the State may order persons responsible for
the release or threatened release to remediate the facility according to a schedule established by the
Commission. Id. § 361.188(a)(3), (4), (6), (7). Under a 272 order, the Commission may restrain
persons responsible for solid waste from allowing or continuing the release or threatened release of
solid waste that presents an imminent and substantial endangerment to public health and safety or
the environment and may require those persons to implement a remedial action plan designed to
eliminate the release or threatened release (“272 order”). Id. § 361.272(a)-(b). We will examine in
more detail below the interaction of the two Subchapters of the Act containing these two
ordering provisions.
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FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
The Voda Site is on approximately six acres located in Gregg County, Texas. The
Site was used by Voda Petroleum, Inc. as an oil-blending and oil-recycling facility from about 1981
to 1991, when operations ceased and the Voda Site was abandoned. In the mid-1990s, both the
Environmental Protection Agency and the predecessor agency to the Commission (the Texas Natural
Resources Conservation Commission) investigated the Site to determine whether Voda Petroleum’s
operations had resulted in the release of hazardous substances. The EPA conducted a removal action
in 1996, although the Site’s ranking was too low to qualify the Site for the federal Superfund
program. After the removal action, the EPA sought recovery of its costs and eventually entered into
administrative orders of consent with companies it had named as potentially responsible parties;
those orders established how much those parties owed the EPA. In 1999, the EPA referred the Voda
Site to the State of Texas for any further remedial action required under state authority.
In November 2000, the Commission’s predecessor agency proposed the Voda Site
for listing on the state Superfund registry and notified parties that it believed had shipped materials
to the Voda Site that they were potentially responsible for investigation and remediation of the Site,
including providing them with notice that they could make a good-faith offer to conduct a remedial
investigation and feasibility study. Several parties submitted written comments and objections,
complaining that no empirical data supported finding imminent and substantial endangerment or
listing the Voda Site on the state Superfund registry. No good-faith offer to conduct the
investigation was received, so the Commission conducted the remedial investigation and feasibility
study and proposed a remedial action.
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After public notice and comment suggesting alternative remedies, the Commission
studied other alternatives. It also provided the potentially responsible parties with the opportunity
to fund or conduct the remedial action, but no good-faith offer to do so was received and accepted
by the Commission, so no agreed order was issued. At a public meeting, the Commission considered
what it described on the meeting agenda as “a Final Administrative Order (Final Order) pursuant to
Texas Health and Safety Code Sections 361.188 and 361.272 for the Voda Petroleum, Inc. State
Superfund Site.” Although some potentially responsible parties were allowed to address the
Commissioners, they were not allowed to present evidence to the Commission and they were
informed that “the law governing this case does not provide for an adjudicatory hearing at this time.”
The Act contemplates that Superfund orders may be issued without holding any adjudicative hearing
both in Subchapter F, which outlines the process for issuing an administrative order under Section
361.188, see id. §§ 361.184(e), .187(c), and in Section 361.274, which explicitly states that “[a]n
administrative order under Section 361.272 does not require prior notice or an adjudicative hearing
before the commission,” id. § 361.274.
On February 12, 2010, the Commission issued a unilateral administrative order for
the Voda Site “to require persons responsible for such solid wastes or hazardous substances to
perform the Work, including conducting the Remedial Activities, as authorized by Sections 361.188
and 361.272 of the Act.” (Emphasis added); see id. §§ 361.188 (establishing contents of final
administrative order to be issued by Commission after consideration of all good-faith offers to
perform remedial action at hazardous-waste facility determined to pose imminent and substantial
endangerment to public health and safety or to environment), .272 (providing that Commission may
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issue administrative order to person responsible for solid waste if it appears there is actual or
threatened release of solid waste that presents imminent and substantial endangerment to public
health and safety or to environment). The Voda Order named ExxonMobil and Shell as potentially
responsible parties, along with approximately 350 other entities, and ordered them to pay the
Commission’s response costs for cleanup of the Voda Site.
ExxonMobil and Shell filed suit appealing the Voda Order in Travis County District
Court, challenging the Commission’s actions under the Act and seeking declaratory relief under the
Texas Uniform Declaratory Judgments Act, see Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 37.001. The
Commission filed a counter-petition and third-party petition seeking cost recovery against
ExxonMobil and Shell and other potentially responsible parties, see Tex. Health & Safety Code
§ 361.197(d) (requiring Commission to file cost-recovery action against each responsible party for
total costs of remedial actions taken by Commission using funds from Hazardous and Solid Waste
Remediation Fee Account established in Section 361.133); enforcement of the order under Sections
361.321 and 361.322(g), see id. §§ 361.321(e) (except as provided by Section 361.322, “in an appeal
from an action of the commission . . . , the issue is whether the action is invalid, arbitrary, or
unreasonable”), 361.322(g) (in appeal of administrative order, Commission must prove by
preponderance of evidence that “(1) there is an actual or threatened release of solid waste or
hazardous substances that is an imminent and substantial endangerment to the public health and
safety or the environment; and (2) the person made subject to the administrative order is liable for
the elimination of the release or threatened release, in whole or in part”); injunctive relief,
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see id. § 361.273(2); and its attorneys’ fees and costs, see id. § 361.341; Tex. Water Code § 7.108;
Tex. Gov’t Code § 402.006(c).
The parties proceeded to conduct discovery for the next few years. Then,
approximately four years after the case was filed, the Commission filed its plea to the jurisdiction.
In its plea and reply, it asserted that (1) a Superfund order can be issued under either Section 361.188
or Section 361.272, but not both; (2) the Voda Order was issued only under Section 361.188, not
Section 361.272; (3) an order issued under Section 361.188 may only be reviewed under Section
361.321, which provides for review under the substantial-evidence standard; and (4) therefore, the
trial court lacked subject-matter jurisdiction to review the Voda Order under any standard other than
the one found in Section 361.321 because the Legislature has not granted any other waiver of
sovereign immunity for 188 orders. Accordingly, the Commission asserted, judicial review under
any other standard would violate the separation-of-powers doctrine. ExxonMobil and Shell
responded that (1) nothing in the Act supports a conclusion that an administrative order may be
issued only under Section 361.188 or Section 361.272, but not both; (2) the Voda Order was issued
under both Sections; (3) because the Voda Order was issued under both Sections, it should be
reviewed under the preponderance-of-evidence standard provided for in Section 361.322; and (4) the
separation-of-powers doctrine does not bar judicial review under Section 361.322 because the order
is not a quasi-legislative act and thus the Legislature is not prohibited from authorizing its judicial
review via trial de novo. In addition, ExxonMobil and Shell contended that the Commission’s plea
did not implicate the trial court’s subject-matter jurisdiction because the Commission sought only
a decision on what standard of review the trial court should use and did not challenge the waiver of
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sovereign immunity found in the appellate provisions of the Act. The trial court denied the
Commission’s plea to the jurisdiction. This appeal followed.
ANALYSIS
In three issues on appeal, the Commission asserts that (1) the Act allows two different
types of Superfund orders, 188 orders and 272 orders, which are separate and distinct and have
individual waivers of immunity and different standards of review under Section 361.321 and
Section 361.322, respectively, and a single order cannot arise under both sections; (2) it issued the
Voda Order only under Section 361.188 of the Act and therefore it may only be reviewed under
Section 361.321’s substantial-evidence standard; and (3) courts lack subject-matter jurisdiction to
review the Voda Order under any section other than Section 361.321 because of the doctrine of
sovereign immunity. We turn first to the question of whether the Act makes the two types of orders
mutually exclusive and whether the two types of orders are subject to different standards of review.
Construction of the Act’s provisions for registry and cleanup of Superfund sites and for enforcement of administrative orders
We review issues of statutory construction de novo. Texas Lottery Comm’n v. First
State Bank of DeQueen, 325 S.W.3d 628, 635 (Tex. 2010). Our primary objective when construing
statutes is to give effect to the Legislature’s intent, which we seek first and foremost in the text of
the statute. First Am. Title Ins. Co. v. Combs, 258 S.W.3d 627, 631-32 (Tex. 2008). The plain
meaning of the text is the best expression of legislative intent, unless a different meaning is apparent
from the context or application of the plain language would lead to absurd results. Molinet
v. Kimbrell, 356 S.W.3d 407, 411 (Tex. 2011). When a statute’s words are unambiguous, “it is
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inappropriate to resort to rules of construction or extrinsic aids to construe the language.” City of
Rockwall v. Hughes, 246 S.W.3d 621, 626 (Tex. 2008).
Moreover, we determine legislative intent from the entire statute, not just its isolated
provisions. 20801, Inc. v. Parker, 249 S.W.3d 392, 396 (Tex. 2008). “Thus, we ‘read the statute
as a whole and interpret it to give effect to every part.’” State ex rel. State Dep’t of Highways & Pub.
Transp. v. Gonzalez, 82 S.W.3d 322, 327 (Tex. 2002) (quoting Jones v. Fowler, 969 S.W.2d 429,
432 (Tex. 1998)). Consequently, when considering the interplay of the various Sections of the Act,
we must consider their role in the broader statutory scheme. See 20801, Inc., 249 S.W.3d at 396.
With these principles in mind, we turn to consideration of the two types of Superfund orders that the
Act allows the Commission to issue.
188 orders
Section 361.188 is found in Subchapter F, which covers the registry and cleanup of
certain hazardous-waste facilities. See Tex. Health & Safety Code §§ 361.181-.203. Under this
Subchapter, the Commission is required to annually publish an updated state registry identifying
those facilities “that may constitute an imminent and substantial endangerment to public health and
safety or the environment due to a release or threatened release of hazardous substances into the
environment” and identifying the relative priority for action at each listed facility. Id. § 361.181.
Subchapter F further establishes a process by which the Commission may investigate listed facilities
or facilities that the executive director has reason to believe should be listed on the registry.
Id. § 361.182.
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Subchapter F empowers the executive director to submit requests for information and
document production to persons who may have relevant information. Id. § 361.182. The
Commission may not list a facility on the registry if the potential endangerment can be resolved by
the owner or operator; some or all of the potentially responsible parties identified in Subchapter I
(which deals with enforcement), see id. § 361.271 (defining person responsible for solid waste),
under an agreed administrative order issued by the Commission; or a voluntary cleanup agreement
under Subchapter S. Id. § 361.183.
If, however, the executive director determines that a facility is eligible for listing on
the state registry, the Commission must publish notice of its intent to list the facility and allow
interested parties to submit written comments and request a public meeting to discuss the proposed
listing. Id. § 361.184(a). Furthermore, the executive director must “make all reasonable efforts to
identify all potentially responsible parties for remediation of the facility” and notify them of the
proposed listing and procedure for requesting a public meeting, as well as notice of the meeting if
one is requested. Id. § 361.184(b)-(c).
If a public meeting is held, it “is legislative in nature and not a contested case hearing
under Chapter 2001, Government Code.” Id. § 361.184(e). The meeting’s purpose is only to obtain
“additional information regarding the facility relative to the eligibility of the facility for listing on
the state registry and the identification of potentially responsible parties.” Id. In other words, the
meeting does not provide an opportunity for potentially responsible parties to contest liability.
After the public meeting (or opportunity to request it has passed) and before the
Commission lists the facility on the registry, it must allow all identified potentially responsible
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parties the opportunity to fund or conduct “a remedial investigation/feasibility study.” Id. § 361.185.
If a good-faith offer from all or some potentially responsible parties is received within 90 days after
the Commission issues notice of the potential listing, then those making the offer have an additional
60 days to negotiate an agreed administrative order from the Commission, which must include a
scope of work but which “may not require the participating potentially responsible parties to agree
to perform the remedial action or admit liability for the facility remediation.” Id. § 361.185(a).
Section 361.185 empowers the Commission to conduct or complete the study using funds from the
hazardous-waste disposal-fee fund if no good-faith offer to do so is received. Id. § 361.185(b). This
Section also encourages potentially responsible parties to perform the study by providing that costs
for Commission oversight of the study may not be assessed against those parties who fund or
perform the study, but full costs for Commission oversight may be assessed against nonparticipating
potentially responsible parties “who are ultimately determined to be liable for remediation of the
facility under [the Act] or who subsequently enter into an agreed order relative to the remediation
of the facility.” Id. § 361.185(c).
Subchapter F further provides the Commission with the ability to select, after a public
meeting, the appropriate land use (if other than residential) for the land upon which a facility is
located that is the subject of a remedial investigation/feasibility study for the purpose of selecting
a proposed remedial action. Id. § 361.1855. The Commission also controls whether a partial or total
removal action may be performed at a facility eligible for listing on the registry and whether an
owner or operator may substantially change the use of the facility so that any change does not
interfere with a proposed or ongoing remedial investigation/feasibility study. Id. § 361.186.
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After the remedial investigation/feasibility study is complete, the executive director
must select a proposed remedial action, and the Commission must hold a public meeting to discuss
the proposed action. Id. § 361.187(a). Again, notice of the meeting must be provided to each
potentially responsible party, but the public meeting is legislative in nature and not a contested-case
hearing and is held for the purpose of obtaining “additional information regarding the facility and
the identification of additional potentially responsible parties.” Id. § 361.187(b)-(c). While those
in attendance may comment on the proposed action, and the executive director may choose to revise
the proposed remedial action in light of the presentations, this meeting does not provide an
opportunity for potentially responsible parties to challenge liability. See id. § 361.187(c).
After the public meeting, the Commission must allow all identified potentially
responsible parties the opportunity to fund or perform the proposed remedial action.
Id. § 361.187(d). If a good-faith offer from all or some potentially responsible parties is received
within 60 days after the public meeting, then those making the offer have an additional 60 days to
negotiate an agreed administrative order from the Commission, which must include a scope of work,
but again the Commission “may not require an admission of liability in the agreed administrative
order.” Id. Like the feasibility-study Section, this Section also encourages potentially responsible
parties to perform the remedial action by providing that costs for Commission oversight of the action
may not be assessed against those parties who fund or perform the action, but full costs for
Commission oversight may be assessed against nonparticipating potentially responsible parties “who
are ultimately determined to be liable for remediation of the facility.” Id. § 361.187(e).
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This Section further provides that the executive director may authorize a potentially
responsible party to conduct a partial remedial action if (after notice and opportunity for comment
to all other potentially responsible parties) the executive director determines that the release or
threatened release is “divisible.” Id. § 361.187(f). The Section defines “divisible” as meaning “that
the hazardous substance released or threatened to be released is capable of being managed separately
under the remedial action plan,” but it specifically provides that “[a] determination of divisibility by
the executive director does not have res judicata or collateral estoppel effect on a potentially
responsible party’s ultimate liability for remediation of the facility under Subchapter G
[‘Enforcement; Criminal and Civil Penalties [Repealed]’] or I [‘Enforcement; Administrative Orders
Concerning Imminent and Substantial Endangerment’].” Id.
Finally, Section 361.188 itemizes the required contents of a final administrative order
that the Commission “shall issue” after considering all good-faith offers to perform a remedial action
at a facility eligible for listing on the state registry. The final administrative order must:
(1) list the facility on the state registry, thus determining that the facility poses an imminent and substantial endangerment to public health and safety or the environment;
(2) specify the appropriate land use for purposes of selecting the appropriate remedial action;
(3) specify the selected remedial action;
(4) list the parties determined to be responsible for remediating the facility;
(5) make findings of fact describing actions voluntarily undertaken by responsible parties;
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(6) order the responsible parties to remediate the facility and, if appropriate, reimburse the hazardous waste disposal fee fund for remedial investigation/feasibility study and remediation costs;
(7) establish a schedule for completion of the remedial action;
(8) state any determination of divisibility of responsible party liability; and
(9) give notice of the duties and restrictions imposed by Section 361.190 [“Change in Use of Listed Facility”].
Id. § 361.188(a). In addition, this Section establishes that “[t]he provisions in Subchapters I, K,
and L relating to administrative orders apply to orders issued under this section.” Id. § 261.188(b)
(footnote omitted) (emphasis added); see also id. §§ 361.271-.279 (Subchapter I: Enforcement;
Administrative Orders Concerning Imminent & Substantial Endangerment); 361.321-.323
(Subchapter K: Appeals; Joinder of Parties); 361.341-.345 (Subchapter L: Cost Recovery).
272 orders
Section 361.272 is found in Subchapter I, which covers enforcement and
administrative orders concerning imminent and substantial endangerment, and is one of the
Subchapters whose provisions relating to administrative orders apply to 188 orders. See id.
§§ 361.271-.280; see also id. § 361.188(b). Section 361.271 defines “persons responsible for solid
waste” and tracks the categories found in CERCLA, holding responsible current and former owners
or operators of a solid-waste facility; “arrangers” of storage, disposal, processing, or transport of
solid waste; and transporters of solid waste. Id. § 361.271(a); see also 42 U.S.C. § 9607(a). Section
361.272 allows the Commission to:
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(a) . . . issue an administrative order to a person responsible for solid waste if it appears that there is an actual or threatened release of solid waste that presents an imminent and substantial endangerment to the public health and safety or the environment:
(1) from a solid waste facility at which solid waste is stored, processed, or disposed of; or
(2) at any site at which one or more of those activities concerning solid waste have been conducted in the past, regardless of whether the activity was lawful at the time.
(b) An administrative order may be issued under this section to:
(1) restrain the person from allowing or continuing the release or threatened release; and
(2) require the person to take any action necessary to provide and implement a cost effective and environmentally sound remedial action plan designed to eliminate the release or threatened release.
Id. § 361.272(a)-(b). In addition, the Commission may sue for injunctive relief to restrain a
responsible person from allowing or continuing the release or threatened release and to require the
person to take actions necessary to provide and implement a remedial action plan. Id. § 361.273.
Subchapter I also specifically establishes that “[a]n administrative order under Section 361.272 does
not require prior notice or an adjudicative hearing before the commission.” Id. § 361.274. Section
361.275 enumerates the defenses to liability and states that a person responsible for solid waste is
liable under Section 361.272 or 361.273 unless the person can establish by a preponderance of the
evidence that the release or threatened release was caused solely by an act of God, an act of war, an
act or omission of a third person, or any combination of those events. Id. § 361.275(a). Section
361.276 provides for the apportionment of liability if the release or threatened release is proved by
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a preponderance of the evidence to be divisible and provides that if it is not proved divisible, persons
liable under Section 361.272 or 361.273 are jointly and severally liable for eliminating the release
or threatened release. Id. § 361.276(a). The Section defines “divisible” as meaning “that the waste
released or threatened to be released has been and is capable of being managed separately under the
remedial action plan.” Id. § 361.276(b).
Issuing an order under both Sections
The Commission contends that the two types of Superfund orders are mutually
exclusive and one administrative order cannot be issued under both provisions, but nothing in either
the specific provisions or in the overall context of the statutory scheme leads to that conclusion. We
presume that the Legislature chooses a statute’s language with care, purposefully choosing each word
it includes, while purposefully omitting words not chosen. TGS-NOPEC Geophysical Co. v. Combs,
340 S.W.3d 432, 438-39 (Tex. 2011). If the Legislature had intended to make the two orders
mutually exclusive, it would have said so. Instead, it crafted a statutory scheme under which the
Commission is empowered (1) to issue an order that results in a hazardous-waste facility being listed
on the state Superfund registry after a lengthy process involving public meetings before completion
of an investigation/feasibility study and selection of a remedial action and (2) to issue an order to
restrain a release or threatened release of solid waste and require the provision and implementation
of a remedial action plan without the requirements of public meetings or an investigation/feasibility
study and without prior notice to potentially responsible parties.
Nothing in the Act precludes the Commission from issuing an order under both
sections simultaneously. In fact, allowing the Commission to issue an order under both Sections
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361.188 and 361.272 comports with the Act’s purpose of protecting the environment by allowing
the Commission to include the broader category of “solid waste” in an order listing a site on the state
Superfund registry, which means it may be able to include more potentially responsible parties, while
having the two orders in separate sections gives the Commission the flexibility to issue a 272 order
without going through the 188 process. We conclude that it is possible for the Commission to issue
one order under both Sections 361.188 and 361.272.
Subchapter K: appeals; joinder of parties
Subchapter K contains Sections 361.321 and .322, both of which concern appeals,
and Section 361.323, a provision concerning joinder of parties in an injunction action filed by the
State under Section 361.273. At issue is whether a 188 order is governed by Section 361.321 or
Section 361.322. Section 361.321 establishes a substantial-evidence standard of review under which
the appealing party must prove that the Commission’s action “is invalid, arbitrary, or unreasonable,”
see id. § 361.321(e), while Section 361.322 mandates that when a person subject to an administrative
order appeals the order by filing a petition:
the district court shall uphold the administrative order if the Commission proves by a preponderance of the evidence that:
(1) there is an actual or threatened release of solid waste or hazardous substances that is an imminent and substantial endangerment to the public health and safety or the environment; and
(2) the person made subject to the administrative order is liable for the elimination of the release or threatened release, in whole or in part.
19
Id. § 361.322(g). In addition, Section 361.322 provides that “[i]f the appropriateness of the selected
remedial action is contested in the appeal of the administrative order, the remedial action shall be
upheld unless the court determines that the remedy is arbitrary or unreasonable.” Id. § 361.322(h).
The Commission asserts that both the statutory history and the plain language of the
Act show that 188 and 272 orders are separate and distinct and have separate provisions for appeal.
In particular, the Commission contends that because specific language prevails over general, Section
361.322 must apply only to 272 orders, and Section 361.321 must apply to all other types of orders
and decisions. We, however, must first look to the plain language of the statute for the Legislature’s
intent, “and only if we cannot discern legislative intent in the language of the statute itself do we
resort to canons of construction or other aids such as which statute is more specific.” First State
Bank of DeQueen, 325 S.W.3d at 639.
In this case, the language found in Section 361.188 is clear: “The provisions in
Subchapters I, K, and L relating to administrative orders apply to orders issued under this section.”
Tex. Health & Safety Code § 361.188(b) (footnote omitted) (emphasis added). Section 361.322
concerns appeals of administrative orders issued under Section 361.272. Of the two appellate
provisions, it is the only one that relates to administrative orders. The Commission concedes that
the deadline for appeal and the standards of review in Section 361.322 “relate to administrative
orders,” see id. § 361.188(b), but it argues that applying the deadline and standards of review to
188 orders would lead to absurdities. It makes the circular argument that because the deadlines for
appeal and standards of review are different for each type of order, the orders must be separate and
distinct, and “the Legislature would not have deliberately written a statute providing for two different
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deadlines for the appeal of a single order, or two different standards of review for a single element,
such as liability, within an order.” We agree that the Legislature would not deliberately write a
statute providing two different deadlines for appealing one order or two different standards of review
for an element of an order. Having already concluded that one order can be issued under both
Sections, however, we further conclude that under a plain reading of Section 361.188(b), the
Legislature expressed its intent that both Sections 361.188 and 361.272 should be governed by one
set of deadlines for appeal and standards of review—those that are found in Section 361.322.
Therefore, we need not use any other canon of construction, such as which statute is more specific,
or other aids, such as legislative history, to construe the Act and answer the question of which
appellate provision applies to 188 orders. See First State Bank of DeQueen, 325 S.W.3d at 639.
Moreover, we note that other language in both Sections 361.321 and 361.322 supports
this interpretation. Section 361.322 specifically provides that “[t]he filing of the [appeal] petition
does not prevent the commission from proceeding with the remedial action program under
Subchapter F [i.e., the process that culminates in a 188 order] unless the court enjoins the remedial
action under its general equity jurisdiction.” Tex. Health & Safety Code § 361.322(e). “Hazardous
substances,” the only materials regulated by 188 orders (as opposed to “solid waste,” which Section
361.272 refers to), are included as part of the preponderance-of-the-evidence standard of review, see
id. § 361.322(g) (Commission must prove “actual or threatened release of solid waste or hazardous
substances”), and in the description of parties who must be joined, see id. § 361.322(d) (person
appealing must join “any other person who is or may be liable for the elimination of the actual or
threatened release of solid waste or hazardous substances governed by the administrative order”).
21
Section 361.321 specifically references Section 361.322, stating that “[e]xcept as provided by
Section 361.322[g],” the issue in an appeal from a Commission action is whether the action is
invalid, arbitrary, or unreasonable. Id. § 361.321(e) (emphasis added). And Section 361.322(h)
provides that “[i]f the appropriateness of the selected remedial action is contested in the appeal of
the administrative order, the remedial action shall be upheld unless the court determines that the
remedy is arbitrary or unreasonable,” meaning that the portion of a 188 order that has been
developed by the Commission using its expertise will be reviewed under the substantial-evidence
standard, and so it is only the elements found in Section 361.322(g) that the Commission bears the
burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence. Id. § 361.322(h). Considering the statute
as a whole, we conclude that Section 361.322 applies to both 188 orders and 272 orders, and we
overrule the Commission’s first issue.
Although this conclusion means that we need not reach the Commission’s second
issue contending that it issued the Voda Order only under Section 361.188, we note that the plain
language of the Voda Order indicates that it was issued under both Sections 361.188 and 361.272.
See Office of Pub. Util. Counsel v. Texas-New Mexico Power Co., 344 S.W.3d 446, 450-51 (Tex.
App.—Austin 2011, pet. denied) (courts apply same rules when construing order of administrative
agency that are applied when construing statutes). In addition to the introductory language at the
beginning of the Order, there are provisions throughout the Order that indicate it was issued under
Section 361.272 as well as Section 361.188, including references to “solid waste,” not just
“hazardous substances.” We also note that the Commission conducted itself in the trial court for
four years as if the Order were appealable under Section 361.322, not just Section 361.321. After
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issuing an order incorporating both Sections and proceeding for years as if the parties would try the
case under a preponderance-of-the-evidence standard, the Commission’s reversal of position for
strategic reasons does not change the essential nature of the Voda Order.
Sovereign immunity
In its third issue, the Commission does not dispute that both Sections 361.321 and
361.322 contain waivers of immunity because the Legislature has conferred a right of judicial
review; instead, it asserts that courts lack subject-matter jurisdiction to review the Voda Order under
any section other than Section 361.321. We overrule this issue based on our conclusion that Section 2
361.322 applies to 188 orders.

Outcome: Having concluded that Section 361.322 applies to administrative orders issued under both Sections 361.188 and 361.272 and that Section 361.322 contains a waiver of sovereign immunity, we affirm the trial court’s order denying the Commission’s plea to the jurisdiction.

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