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Date: 08-17-2019
Case Style:
Castella Lee v. The State of Texas
Case Number: 02-17-00379-CR
Judge:
Court: Court of Appeals Second Appellate District of Texas at Fort Worth
Plaintiff's Attorney: Joseph W. Spence
Landon Wade
Defendant's Attorney: Lisa Mullen
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In August 2016, a gunman robbed a Taco Bell in Arlington, Texas. In a six
count indictment, the State alleged
• in the first five counts—one count for each of the five Taco Bell employees who were present—that Lee committed an aggravated robbery with a deadly weapon, a firearm, and
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• in the sixth and last count that Lee was a felon unlawfully in possession of a firearm. At trial, among other witnesses, four of the five Taco Bell employees testified.
After the State rested, Lee took the stand and admitted robbing the Taco Bell but
maintained that the gun he had brandished was only a pellet gun (and thus not a
“firearm”) that he later threw down a drain. The detective who investigated the case
never recovered the gun.
After both sides closed, the State waived the one aggravated-robbery count
involving the Taco Bell employee who had not testified. The jury charge encompassed
• the remaining four counts of aggravated robbery with a deadly weapon, a firearm, with each count including the lesser-included robbery offense; and • the felon-unlawfully-in-possession-of-a-firearm count.
Lee voiced no objection to the charge. Arguments I. The evidence sufficed to support the findings that Lee used or exhibited a firearm during the robberies and that Lee, a felon, unlawfully possessed a firearm. In his first point, Lee argues that the evidence is insufficient to prove that he
used or exhibited a firearm as alleged in the aggravated robberies and, similarly, is
insufficient to show that he unlawfully possessed a firearm. He points to the fact that
multiple witnesses testified that they did not know if the gun they saw was real or only
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a replica. He also points to his own testimony to establish that the gun was not a real
firearm and to the detective’s testimony that the police never recovered the gun. A. Standard of Review Federal due process requires that the State prove beyond a reasonable doubt
every element of the crime charged. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 316, 99 S. Ct.
2781, 2787 (1979); see U.S. Const. amend. XIV. In our due-process evidentiary
sufficiency review, we view all the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict
to determine whether any rational factfinder could have found the crime’s essential
elements beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319, 99 S. Ct. at 2789;
Queeman v. State, 520 S.W.3d 616, 622 (Tex. Crim. App. 2017). This standard gives full
play to the factfinder’s responsibility to resolve conflicts in the testimony, to weigh the
evidence, and to draw reasonable inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts. See
Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319, 99 S. Ct. at 2789; Queeman, 520 S.W.3d at 622.
The factfinder alone judges the evidence’s weight and credibility. See Tex. Code
Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 38.04; Queeman, 520 S.W.3d at 622. Thus, when performing an
evidentiary-sufficiency review, we may not re-evaluate the evidence’s weight and
credibility and substitute our judgment for the factfinder’s. Queeman, 520 S.W.3d at
622. Instead, we determine whether the necessary inferences are reasonable based on
the evidence’s cumulative force when viewed in the light most favorable to the
verdict. Murray v. State, 457 S.W.3d 446, 448 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015); see Villa v. State,
514 S.W.3d 227, 232 (Tex. Crim. App. 2017) (“The court conducting a sufficiency
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review must not engage in a ‘divide and conquer’ strategy but must consider the
cumulative force of all the evidence.”). We must presume that the factfinder resolved
any conflicting inferences in favor of the verdict, and we must defer to that resolution.
Murray, 457 S.W.3d at 448–49.
A deadly weapon is defined as “a firearm or anything manifestly designed,
made, or adapted for the purpose of inflicting death or serious bodily injury” or
“anything that in the manner of its use or intended use is capable of causing death or
serious bodily injury.” Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 1.07(a)(17). A “gun” is not a deadly
weapon per se, but a “firearm” is. See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 1.07(a)(17)(A); Boyett v.
State, 692 S.W.2d 512, 517 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985); Johnson v. State, No. 07-14-00155
CR, 2016 WL 1274928, at *2 (Tex. App.—Amarillo Mar. 31, 2016, pet. ref’d) (mem.
op., not designated for publication); Arthur v. State, 11 S.W.3d 386, 389 (Tex. App.—
Houston [14th Dist.] 2000, pet. ref’d). “Gun” is a much broader term than “firearm”
and may include such non-lethal instruments as BB guns, blow guns, pop guns, and
grease guns. Johnson, 2016 WL 1274928, at *2; Arthur, 11 S.W.3d at 389. B. Discussion 1. The Evidence Lee admitted that the first time he asserted that the gun was only a look-alike
was during his trial testimony. Before that, Lee had denied committing the offense
and had said nothing suggesting the gun was a “fake.” At trial, Lee asserted that if the
police needed to recover the gun, he could tell them where it was or, at least, where he
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had tossed it about a year earlier. When the prosecutor asked Lee to describe the gun
in the Taco Bell photos, Lee acknowledged that it looked like a revolver.
Wendy Rodriguez, one of the Taco Bell employees, agreed that the robber had
a gun and asserted that he pointed it at “each and every one of us, I guess, to scare
us.” She did not know if the gun was real, but she thought so at the time.
Maria Ceja, a second Taco Bell employee, did not balk when asked if she saw a
gun, saying that she saw it when the robber pointed it at them and that she was
scared: “I was afraid that he was going to shoot.” She admitted not being able to tell if
the gun was a firearm or a BB gun, but when the prosecutor asked Ceja what she had
thought the robber would do if they did not give him the money, she answered, “That
he was going to kill us. That’s why I said, no, let him take everything.”
A third Taco Bell employee, Guadalupe Velaquez, stated that the robber “came
in all dressed in black and with a pistol in his hand,” pointed the gun at them, and
threatened them, and at the time, they thought it was real. If they did not do as they
were told, Velaquez thought that the robber would hit them or shoot them with his
gun, hurting or killing them.
Omar Bouffine, the fourth Taco Bell employee, stated that because the gun had
no orange tip, he thought it was real. Knowing the difference between a revolver and
a semiautomatic, Bouffine asserted that the gun he saw was a revolver.
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Detective Allen Constantino, who was assigned to the August 16, 2016 Taco
Bell robbery, stated that from reviewing the video, he could tell that the gun was a
revolver. But he acknowledged that he never recovered the gun.
Another detective, Justin Coffee, who had been assigned to investigate an
August 22, 2016 robbery at a Burger King that Lee also admitted committing at trial,
stated, “I don’t have the ability to look at a gun on video and to tell anybody whether
or not it was real or not.” But from watching the Burger King video, Detective Coffee
asserted that he could tell that the robber had a “revolver” in his hand.
One of the victims of the Burger King robbery, Sherrie Walton, testified that
the robber put the gun to her head. When asked what she thought would happen if
she did not comply with the robber’s instructions, she responded, “I’m assuming [he
brought the gun] to shoot me. You don’t bring a gun if you don’t plan on using it.”
She described the gun as “an older gun. Like a revolver as opposed to [a
semiautomatic].”
Mark Porter, a forensic-video analyst for the Tarrant County District
Attorney’s Office, watched the surveillance videos for both the Taco Bell and Burger
King robberies and stated that the weapon appeared to be “a dark-colored firearm”
with “a protruding hammer . . . on the back of the firearm.” He agreed that it
appeared to be a revolver “[b]ecause of the cylindrical shape that’s located right in
front of the hammer right in front of where the hand is gripping the weapon.” In
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Porter’s opinion, which he based on owning several firearms, he saw nothing in the
videos that suggested the gun was not a real firearm. 2. Disposition The various witnesses repeatedly referred to a gun, a pistol, or a revolver, and
the video shows Lee pointing such an object. Testimony using any of the terms
“gun,” “pistol,” or “revolver” suffices to authorize a jury’s deadly-weapon finding.
Rhodes v. State, No. 02-04-00323-CR, 2005 WL 1593953, at *2 (Tex. App.—Fort
Worth July 7, 2005, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (citing Wright
v. State, 591 S.W.2d 458, 459 (Tex. Crim. App. [Panel Op.] 1979)).
But Lee maintains that there are limits to a jury’s inferences and cites Cruz v.
State for the proposition that although a jury can reasonably infer from the victim’s
testimony that the “gun” used while committing the crime was, in fact, a firearm, one
important qualification exists—“[a]bsent any specific indication to the contrary at
trial.” 238 S.W.3d 381, 388 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2006, pet. ref’d). In Lee’s
case, as just such a “specific indication to the contrary,” he points to his own
testimony and to the State’s never having recovered the gun to contradict that
testimony. We are not persuaded.
Here, Lee’s argument turns on whether his testimony sufficed to create a
reasonable doubt. The jury, as the factfinder, determines witnesses’ credibility, and for
each witness, it can choose to believe all, some, or none of that witness’s testimony.
See Chambers v. State, 805 S.W.2d 459, 461 (Tex. Crim App. 1991); Chasco v. State,
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568 S.W.3d 254, 258 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2019, pet. ref’d). The verdict shows that
the jury disbelieved Lee, which was reasonable given that
• Lee’s testimony was self-serving;
• Lee was the person who disposed of the gun in the first place, making it unavailable for trial; • Lee waited until trial to assert that the gun was really a pellet gun, effectively precluding its timely recovery; • if the gun were a pellet gun, producing it would have exculpated Lee, not incriminated him, so his discarding the gun circumstantially evidenced a firearm; and • by that point in time (Lee was the last witness to testify during the guilty/not-guilty phase, and he admitted committing the robberies only after hearing the State’s evidence against him), Lee’s offer to help recover the gun might have seemed disingenuous and manipulative. Viewing all the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, we hold that
a rational factfinder could have found beyond a reasonable doubt that Lee used or
exhibited a firearm during the robberies and that he was a felon unlawfully in
possession of a firearm.1 Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319, 99 S. Ct. at 2789; Queeman,
520 S.W.3d at 622; Chambers, 805 S.W.2d at 461; Rhodes, 2005 WL 1593953, at *2. We
overrule Lee’s first point.
1The State introduced a prior felony conviction into evidence. Lee later admitted having that conviction.
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II. The jury charge was erroneous, but the harm was not egregious. Lee’s second and third points challenge alleged charge errors. In his second
point, he argues that the application paragraphs for each of the aggravated-robbery
charges erroneously omitted the instruction that the jury must acquit if it did not find
guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. And in his third point, Lee complains that the
aggravated-robbery jury charges did not contain a “not guilty” verdict form for the
lesser-included robbery offenses. See generally Comm. On Pattern Jury Charges, State
Bar of Tex., Texas Crim. Pattern Jury Charges—General, Evidentiary & Ancillary Instructions,
CPJC 6.3 (2018). In both instances, Lee did not object to the proposed charge.
To better understand Lee’s arguments, we first present the jury charges’
relevant portions:
Now, If you find from the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt that on or about the 16th day of August, 2016, in Tarrant County, Texas, the Defendant, Castella Lee, did intentionally or knowingly, while in the course of committing theft of property and with intent to obtain or maintain control of said property, threaten or place Maria Ceja[2] in fear of imminent bodily injury or death, and the Defendant used or exhibited a deadly weapon, namely a firearm, then you will find the Defendant guilty of the offense of aggravated robbery, as charged in Count One of the indictment. Unless you so find from the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt, or if you have a reasonable doubt thereof, or if you are unable to agree, you will next consider whether the Defendant is guilty of the offense of robbery.
2The application paragraphs and verdict forms for the other three aggravated robberies were the same except for identifying a different count and a different complainant.
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If you find from the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt that on or about the 16th day of August, 2016, in Tarrant County, Texas, the Defendant, Castella Lee, did intentionally or knowingly, while in the course of committing theft of property and with intent to obtain or maintain control of said property, threaten or place Maria Ceja in fear of imminent bodily injury or death, then you will find the Defendant guilty of the offense of robbery. Unless you so find beyond a reasonable doubt, or if you have a reasonable doubt thereof, you will acquit the Defendant of the offense of robbery and say by your verdict “Not Guilty.” . . . . VERDICT FORMS (COUNT ONE)
We, the Jury, find the Defendant, Castella Lee, not guilty of the offense of aggravated robbery, as charged in Count One of the indictment. ____________ Presiding Juror
-OR-
We, the jury, find the Defendant, Castella Lee, guilty of the offense of aggravated robbery, as charged in Count One of the indictment. ____________ Presiding Juror
-OR-
We, the Jury, find the Defendant, Castella Lee, guilty of the offense of robbery. ____________ Presiding Juror
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A. Standard of review We must review “all alleged jury-charge error . . . regardless of preservation in
the trial court.” Kirsch v. State, 357 S.W.3d 645, 649 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012). In
reviewing a jury charge, we first determine whether error occurred; if not, our analysis
ends. Id.
Unpreserved charge error warrants reversal only when the error resulted in
egregious harm. Nava v. State, 415 S.W.3d 289, 298 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013); Almanza v.
State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985) (op. on reh’g); see Tex. Code Crim.
Proc. Ann. art. 36.19. The appropriate inquiry for egregious harm is fact- and case
specific. Gelinas v. State, 398 S.W.3d 703, 710 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013) (plurality
opinion); Taylor v. State, 332 S.W.3d 483, 489 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011).
In making an egregious-harm determination, we must consider “the actual
degree of harm . . . in light of the entire jury charge, the state of the evidence,
including the contested issues and weight of probative evidence, the argument of
counsel and any other relevant information revealed by the record of the trial as a
whole.” Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 171. See generally Gelinas, 398 S.W.3d at 708–
10 (applying Almanza). Errors that result in egregious harm are those “that affect the
very basis of the case, deprive the defendant of a valuable right, vitally affect the
defensive theory, or make a case for conviction clearly and significantly more
persuasive.” Taylor, 332 S.W.3d at 490 (citing Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 172). The
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purpose of this review is to illuminate the actual, not just theoretical, harm to the
accused. Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 174. B. The Application Paragraph The court of criminal appeals has already addressed Lee’s application-paragraph
complaint and has held that although erroneous, this error is not so egregious that it
deprives the defendant of a fair and impartial trial. See Boyett, 692 S.W.2d at 515–16.
The court wrote that the charge “should have more explicitly instructed the jurors
that if they did not believe, or if they had reasonable doubt of appellant’s guilt of the
greater offense, they should acquit appellant and proceed to consider whether
appellant was guilty of the lesser included offense.” Id. at 515. Conceding that the
charge was not a model one, the court nevertheless wrote that it “essentially instructed
the jurors to acquit, without specifically using the word ‘acquit[,’] by stating that if the
jurors had a reasonable doubt as to the guilt of appellant to the greater offense, they
should next consider the lesser included offense.” Id. at 516. The court concluded:
“This instruction properly informed the jurors to consider appellant’s requested
instructions on lesser included offenses. . . . The charge read as a whole adequately
instructed the jurors about acquitting appellant and about considering the lesser
included offenses requested by appellant.” Id. Relying on Boyett, we overrule Lee’s
second point.
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C. The Absence of a “Not Guilty” Option for the Lesser-Included Offenses The State concedes, and we agree, that the charge erroneously omits the “not
guilty” option for the lesser-included robbery offenses. See Jennings v. State, 302 S.W.3d
306, 309–10 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010).
But we hold that any harm was not egregious—that is, any harm Lee suffered
was theoretical, not actual. See Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 174. The record shows:
• Lee admitted committing the robberies; all he disputed was whether he displayed a firearm. • Consistent with Lee’s testimony, defense counsel conceded the robberies but contested whether the gun was a firearm in closing jury argument: o “[Y]ou heard him testify. . . . He’s being honest. I mean, he was honest, he said he did it. . . . There isn’t a firearm here. . . . There is no proof that, in fact, it was a firearm.” o “There’s no evidence here that proves, certainly not beyond a reasonable doubt, that it was, in fact, a firearm.” o “So with that in mind, if that’s the case, then the charge is robbery. . . . That is the correct charge. From everything we’ve heard, the charge should be robbery.” o “So, obviously, I can’t tell you come back with not guilty on everything. I think that’s already been decided. But I would ask you to look at the evidence and really think about this, that the firearm was not proven beyond a reasonable doubt.” In the context of Lee’s testimony and his counsel’s jury argument, robbery
convictions were Lee’s best-case scenarios.
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Additionally, the application paragraphs instructed the jury to address the
robbery issue only if it could not agree on the aggravated robbery; because the jury
found Lee guilty of aggravated robbery, it never progressed to the robbery issue and
thus never encountered the verdict-form error. Put another way, the jury’s verdict on
aggravated robbery mooted any error in the robbery verdict forms.
Finally, the application paragraphs informed the jury that “[u]nless [it] so
f[ou]nd beyond a reasonable doubt, or if [it] ha[d] a reasonable doubt thereof, [it] will
acquit [Lee] of the offense of robbery and say by [its] verdict ‘Not Guilty.’” When
faced with a similar instruction and charge error, the Amarillo Court of Appeals
wrote: “[I]t cannot be said that the jurors were somehow duped into believing that
they had to convict [the defendant] for something [because the charge contained no
‘not guilty’ verdict form for the lesser-included offense].” Jennings v. State, No. 07-08
00087-CR, 2010 WL 2244108, at *1 (Tex. App.—Amarillo June 4, 2010, pet. ref’d)
(mem. op. on remand, not designated for publication).
Because the harm was not egregious, we overrule Lee’s third point. See
Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 171; Jennings, 2010 WL 2244108, at *2.
Outcome: Having overruled Lee’s three points, we affirm the trial court’s judgments.
Plaintiff's Experts:
Defendant's Experts:
Comments: