Date: 06-25-2016

Case Style: Jessie Gray vs. 3M Company

Case Number: ED103157

Judge: James M. Dowd

Court: In the Missouri Court of Appeals Eastern District

Plaintiff's Attorney:

Zane Cagle

Defendant's Attorney:


Stephen J. Torline

Kathryn A. Lewis

Michael T. Crabb

James H. Ryan

Description: Gray filed suit in July 2013, and the trial was scheduled to begin in May 2015. In
January 2015, 3M disclosed Johnston, a certified industrial hygienist and former 3M employee,
as one of its experts. In February 2015, Gray sent 3M's counsel notice to take Johnston's
deposition in Minnesota. Attached to the notice was an exhibit titled "subpoena duces tecum"
requesting Johnston to bring all documents he intended to rely on at trial. Johnston was not
formally served by Gray with a subpoena.
On February 25, 2015, Johnston's deposition was taken. Johnston brought documents
with him to the deposition but he did not bring certain studies with him that he later testified
about at trial. In fact, Gray's counsel asked Johnston about any studies Johnston would be
testifying about at trial but Johnston did not specifically identify any.
On April 13, 2015, Gray filed a motion to exclude Johnston's testimony at trial regarding
any non-disclosed opinions. Specifically, Gray sought to preclude Johnston from testifying
about any new studies and any new opinions based on such studies that were not disclosed at his
deposition. 3M opposed the motion, arguing, among other things, that Johnston was not properly
served with a subpoena duces tecum and therefore did not have to bring the studies to his
deposition, that any testimony from Johnston was properly disclosed in discovery and should be
admissible at trial, and that the studies in question had been previously disclosed in prior related
litigation. 3M also offered to tender Johnston for a second deposition and to produce at that
deposition the studies in question. Gray's counsel declined.
The court held multiple hearings on the motion in an attempt to resolve the dispute prior
to trial and at each hearing offered Gray's counsel a continuance of the trial so that he could be
better prepared with respect to Johnston's testimony. Gray's counsel declined each time,
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asserting that he did not want a continuance due to his client's health and the increased costs
Gray would incur if the trial was continued. The trial court suggested that Gray's counsel depose
Johnston a second time by phone, but Gray's counsel rejected this suggestion. 3M, for its part, then provided Gray's counsel with Johnston's expert opinion report1 with specific document
numbers correlated to each opinion he would testify to at trial and offered to pay the reasonable
costs Gray would incur if Gray agreed to continue the trial. Before the court ruled on Gray's
motion to exclude Johnston's testimony, the court again informed Gray's counsel that it would
consider giving Gray a continuance if it denied the motion to exclude, but Gray's counsel told the
court that it was not interested in a continuance and that he was ready for trial. The court also
noted that the subpoena was not properly served. The trial court denied Gray's motion to exclude.2
After a nine-day trial, the jury returned a verdict in favor of 3M. Gray filed a motion for
a new trial which the trial court denied. This appeal follows.
1 3M was not required under Rule 56.01 to produce Johnston's expert opinion report but did so to attempt to remedy the discovery dispute. 2 While Johnston was not served with a subpoena duces tecum, Gray's counsel attached a document titled "subpoena duces tecum" to the notice of deposition that was sent to counsel for 3M. That document contained a list of the materials Johnston was asked to bring to his deposition which included reference to the studies in question here. It does not appear from the record that Johnston or counsel for 3M objected to the "subpoena duces tecum" prior to Johnston's deposition, but rather produced Johnston who did bring some of the requested documents but not all of the studies that he would later testify about at trial. Gray's counsel did not object at the deposition to Johnston's alleged failure to bring requested documents and did not raise the issue until nearly seven weeks after the deposition and just one month before trial when he filed his motion to exclude. 3M did not raise the issue about Johnston being improperly subpoenaed until this motion was filed. While Johnston may not have been properly subpoenaed, see, e.g., State ex rel. Missouri Highway & Transp. Comm'n, 759 S.W.2d 102, 106 (Mo.App.S.D. 1988), this court does not condone the actions of either party in handling this dispute. If 3M intended to take issue with Gray's "subpoena duces tecum" that was attached to the deposition notice it should have given Gray the professional courtesy of doing so before he went to Minnesota to take Johnston's deposition. Similarly, and as the trial court noted, Gray should have raised the issue at the deposition or much sooner than a month before trial.
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Standard of Review
We review the trial court's rulings on the admission of evidence and on a motion for a
new trial for an abuse of discretion. Gallaher v. DaimlerChrysler Corp., 238 S.W.3d 157, 162,
166 (Mo.App.E.D. 2007). The trial court is vested with broad discretion to control discovery and
to choose a remedy to address any non-disclosure of evidence. Id. at 162. We presume that a
ruling within the trial court's discretion is correct. Id. at 166. An abuse of discretion occurs
when the trial court's ruling is clearly against the logic of the circumstances before the court at
the time and is so unreasonable and arbitrary that it shocks one's sense of justice and indicates a
lack of careful consideration. Id. at 162.
Discussion
We find that the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it denied Gray's motion to
exclude Johnston's testimony and Gray's motion for a new trial. The parties strongly contested
whether the studies at issue were properly produced and whether Johnston should have brought
them to his deposition and testified about them at that time. These issues were briefed and
argued extensively before the trial court which attempted to remedy the situation by offering
Gray the opportunity to re-depose Johnston by telephone prior to the trial and offered multiple
continuances so that Gray's counsel could prepare and re-depose Johnston prior to the trial. 3M
even offered to pay the reasonable costs incurred by Gray for a continuance, but Gray rejected
these offers each time and indicated to the trial court that Gray was ready for trial.
Based on these circumstances, we cannot find that the trial court abused its discretion in
denying Gray's motion to exclude and motion for new trial. See Clark v. Clark, 805 S.W.2d 290,
297 (Mo.App.E.D. 1991) (finding no abuse of discretion in permitting witness to testify who was
not disclosed in interrogatories where the trial court offered mother a continuance to depose the
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witness and prepare for trial but mother declined the offer); Gassen v. Woy, 785 S.W.2d 601, 604
(Mo.App.W.D. 1990) (finding no abuse of discretion when appellant rejected the trial court's
offer to prepare for cross-examination of an expert witness who had changed his opinion from
his deposition by interviewing the witness before he testified because there was no showing that
the opportunity to interview would not have remedied the non-disclosure); Gantt v. Baldwin, 927
S.W.2d 957, 960-61 (Mo.App.W.D. 1996) (finding no abuse of discretion by the trial court
where plaintiff declined the trial court's offer of a continuance for more time to depose
defendant's expert).
Gray could have availed himself of the remedies offered by the trial court. See Gassen,
785 S.W.2d at 604 (noting that the appellant should have interviewed the witness as offered by
the trial court and if the result was not satisfactory, could have then requested other relief).
While we do not condone any improper discovery tactics, particularly when it involves matters
as important as the facts and opinions to which a retained expert is expected to testify, Gray has
not met his burden of showing that the trial court abused its discretion in offering the remedies
that it did but that Gray chose to reject. Gray understood what was at stake by choosing to
proceed with the trial without re-deposing Johnston but chose to proceed with the trial in light of
Gray's health and the increased expenses associated with a continuance. Gray made the strategic
choice to proceed with the trial by rejecting the remedies offered by the trial court. See Gantt,
927 S.W.2d at 960-61 (noting that while plaintiff was in a difficult position because of the
increased costs of again preparing for trial, plaintiff made the strategic choice to not accept the
trial court's offer of a continuance). Thus, Gray's points are denied.

Outcome: Based on the foregoing reasons, we affirm the trial court's judgment.

Plaintiff's Experts:

Defendant's Experts:

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