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Date: 03-22-2012

Case Style: Estate of Stephen Bradley v. Kent County Sheriff's Department

Case Number: 299640

Judge: Per Curiam

Court: Michigan Court of Appeals on appeal from the Circuit Court, Kent County

Plaintiff's Attorney:

Defendant's Attorney:

Description: In this contempt action, petitioner Nancy Mick, in her capacity as personal representative for the Estate of Stephen Bradley, appeals by leave granted the circuit court order reversing a probate court order denying respondent Kent County Sheriff’s Department’s (KCSD) motion for summary disposition of Mick’s claim for compensatory damages for the death of her brother, Stephen Bradley. The only issue on which leave was granted was whether the Government Tort Liability Act (GTLA), MCL 691.1401 et seq., applies to compensatory contempt damages sought pursuant to MCL 600.1721. Because we conclude that the GTLA does not apply, we reverse.

On August 12, 2004, Mick obtained an order from the probate court requiring that Bradley be taken into custody for psychiatric evaluation. KCSD failed to execute this pick-up order in the days following its issuance, and on August 21, 2004, Bradley fatally shot himself. Mick requested that KCSD conduct an internal investigation into its failure to execute the pickup order. That investigation determined that KCSD’s handling of the pick-up order was negligent. Mick filed a wrongful death action against KCSD alleging that its negligence and breach of duty caused Bradley’s death; however, that action was summarily dismissed by the circuit court on the basis of governmental immunity because Mick could not establish gross negligence or that KCSD’s negligence was “the” proximate cause of Bradley’s death. After dismissal of her wrongful death action, Mick filed a petition in the probate court alleging civil contempt. The petition asserted that KCSD “failed and refused to execute the Order issued by the Kent County Probate Court,” and as a result of that failure, Mick “suffered and continues to suffer damages, including, but not limited to, all of those damages set forth in the Michigan Wrongful Death Statute, MCL 600.2922, et seq.” Mick asked the probate court to enter an order finding KCSD in civil contempt and to award her “damages in an amount the Court deems appropriate.”

In lieu of filing an answer, KCSD responded by filing a motion for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(10). KCSD argued that § 7 of the GTLA immunizes it from any damages claim because Mick was essentially asking for tort damages, regardless of the fact that her petition was for civil contempt. Mick opposed KCSD’s motion and argued that her action was for compensatory damages pursuant to KCSD’s contempt, and that it was not barred by the GTLA because her request for damages did not stem from a tort action. After hearing oral arguments, the probate court denied KCSD’s motion for summary disposition on the basis of its inherent power to punish contempt of court where, as here, there is a violation of a specific court order. The probate court held that, “[t]he claim under the contempt statute is not based in tort, but it’s based in violation of a court order,” and concluded that “[g]overnmental immunity does not insulate a contemnor from the contemnor’s refusal or negligence to obey a court order.”1

KCSD appealed the probate court’s rulings to the circuit court, which concluded that Mick’s claim for compensatory damages for Bradley’s death was barred by the GTLA. At the hearing on KCSD’s appeal from the probate court, the circuit court noted that “[t]he power to punish contempt is an inherent common law right of Michigan courts of record,” and as such, “contempt is not based in tort.” The circuit court held that “the GTLA does not prevent courts from punishing, by either fine or jail time, government actors found to be in contempt.”

Nevertheless, the circuit court concluded that “the power to award compensatory damages is not an inherent contempt power of the court. Rather compensatory damages in contempt proceedings are awarded pursuant to MCL 600.1721.” The circuit court noted that “the underlying cause of action is based in tort” as evidenced by the fact that the case was originally brought under the wrongful death statute. The circuit court concluded, “[b]ecause the damages arise from tortious conduct that is not an exception to GTLA immunity, the GTLA bars [Mick] from recovery of compensatory damages from [KCSD] in the present contempt proceeding.”

The circuit court reversed the probate court’s denial of KCSD’s motion for summary disposition and remanded with direction that the probate court enter an order granting summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(7).2

Mick appealed the circuit court’s ruling dismissing Mick’s claim against KCSD for damages based on contempt because they are barred by the GTLA, and this Court granted leave, limited to the issue raised in the application. MCR 7.205(D)(4). Accordingly, the only issue before us is whether the circuit court erred in deciding that the GTLA immunizes government actors from compensatory damages for contempt awarded pursuant to MCL 600.1721.

We review a trial court’s decision on a motion for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(7) de novo. Hoffman v Boonsiri, 290 Mich App 34, 39; 801 NW2d 385 (2010). Pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(7), summary disposition is appropriate if a claim is barred because of immunity granted by law. A motion pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(7) may be supported by affidavits, depositions, admissions, or other documentary evidence so long as the evidence would be admissible. Maiden v Rozwood, 461 Mich 109, 119; 597 NW2d 817 (1999). The allegations set forth in the complaint must be accepted as true unless contradicted by other evidence. Id. “[T]he trial court must accept the nonmoving party’s well-pleaded allegations as true and construe the allegations in the nonmovant’s favor to determine whether any factual development could provide a basis for recovery.” Hoffman, 290 Mich App at 39.

Issues of statutory interpretation are also questions of law that we review de novo. Driver v Naini, 490 Mich 239, 246; 802 NW2d 311 (2011). The goal of statutory interpretation is to discern the intent of the Legislature by examining the plain language of the statute. Id. at 246-247. “When the language is clear and unambiguous, we will apply the statute as written and judicial construction is not permitted.” Id. at 247.

MCL 600.1721 provides:

If the alleged misconduct has caused an actual loss or injury to any person the court shall order the defendant to pay such person a sufficient sum to indemnify him, in addition to the other penalties which are imposed upon the defendant. The payment and acceptance of this sum is an absolute bar to any action by the aggrieved party to recover damages for the loss or injury.

The GTLA provides in pertinent part that “a governmental agency is immune from tort liability if the governmental agency is engaged in the exercise or discharge of a governmental function.” MCL 691.1407(1). In Tate v Grand Rapids, 256 Mich App 656, 660; 671 NW2d 84 (2003), this Court explained that “[t]he GTLA unambiguously grants immunity from all tort liability, i.e., all civil wrongs for which legal responsibility is recognized, regardless of how the legal responsibility is determined, except as otherwise provided in the GTLA.”

In this case, KCSD does not dispute that compensatory damages that may be awarded pursuant to MCL 600.1721 for contemptuous conduct that results in loss of life could be assessed pursuant to the Michigan Wrongful Death statute, MCL 600.2922 et. seq. as requested by Mick in her petition filed in the Probate Court. Rather, KCSD argues that the wrongful death damages sought by Mick in this case pursuant to MCL 600.1721 would be tort liability damages that may not be awarded against it because they are barred by the GTLA. Relying on the language of the governmental immunity statute and the broad application of the GTLA set forth in Tate, KCSD argues that regardless of how Mick’s claim against it is stated, if the facts giving rise to the damages could also establish a tort cause of action then the damages are barred by the GTLA.

We disagree.

In Tate, this Court addressed whether the GTLA applied to bar a claim against a governmental entity when the claim was based on a statute that imposes strict liability for dog bites. Tate, 256 Mich App at 657. After stating that the GTLA applies to “all civil wrongs,” this Court concluded that strict liability claims are within the ambit of tort law, just as are other tortrelated claims such as products liability and premises liability. Id. at 660-661. Thus, the holding in Tate is based on the finding that the strict liability dog bite claim asserted by the plaintiff was a claim for tort liability that was barred by GTLA. The nature of the damages being sought by the plaintiff played no role in this Court’s analysis.

Similarly, in Ross v Consumers Power Co (On Rehearing), 420 Mich 567, 647; 363 NW2d 641 (1984), our Supreme Court addressed whether a contract action was subject to dismissal pursuant to the GTLA because the contract claim was joined with a tort claim and tort damages were sought for both. The Court rejected the governmental agency’s argument that the plaintiff’s contract claim should be dismissed even though the plaintiff had merely restated allegations contained in its tort claim that were barred by governmental immunity and requested the same damages. Id. at 647-648. In so holding, the Court stated:

We recognize that plaintiffs have and will attempt to avoid § 7 [MCL 691.1407] of the governmental immunity act by basing their causes of action on theories other than tort. Trial and appellate courts are routinely faced with the task of determining whether the essential elements of a particular cause of action have been properly pleaded and proved. If a plaintiff successfully pleads and establishes a non-tort cause of action, § 7 will not bar recovery simply because the underlying facts could have also established a tort cause of action. [Id.]

Consistent with the holdings in Tate and Ross, whether Mick’s contempt claim can survive a governmental immunity challenge is controlled not by the nature of the damages sought, but by whether Mick’s contempt action is a cause of action that is separate and distinct from one that is grounded in tort liability without regard to the type of damages sought.

In this case, there is no doubt that Mick’s contempt action is an attempt to avoid application of the GTLA. Indeed, Mick initially brought a tort action that was summarily dismissed because it was barred by the GTLA; however, Mick recast her complaint as one for contempt. In accord with the Ross Court’s holding that the GTLA will not bar recovery simply because the underlying facts could have also established a tort cause of action, we conclude that tort-like damages are recoverable in a contempt action assuming contempt can be proved. Thus, whether the GTLA implicates the viability of Mick’s contempt action rests on whether Mick can successfully plead and establish a contempt cause of action. Id. The nature of the damages being requested has no role in determining whether the action is barred by GTLA.

Consequently, the circuit court erred when it dismissed this case merely because the damages sought were similar to tort damages.

* * *

See: http://coa.courts.mi.gov/documents/OPINIONS/FINAL/COA/20120322_C299640_33_299640.OPN.PDF

Outcome: Reversed and remanded to the probate court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction. Plaintiff, being the prevailing party, may tax costs pursuant to MCR 7.219.

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