Date: 08-14-2016

Case Style:

Case Number: 2014-KA-01368-SCT

Judge: William Chapman, III

Court: IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI

Plaintiff's Attorney:

Michael Guest

Defendant's Attorney:

Criminal Defense Lawyer Directory

Description: Colburn met Ruby Frances Hill in 1990 when he began servicing her burial-insurance
policy; Colburn would visit the policyholders� houses each month to collect the premiums.
Over the years, Hill and Colburn became close friends�Colburn defined it as a
grandmother-grandson relationship�and eventually he became her primary caregiver.1 At
first, Hill would ask Colburn to run simple errands�like paying a bill or picking something
up from Walmart�but after Hill�s mother passed away, Hill began relying on Colburn for
more help. And when Hill had a car accident, she started relying on Colburn as her driver.
Colburn testified that he telephoned Hill at 9:30 every night, even if he had spent the day
running errands with her, and even if he was out of town on tour with his gospel trio, the
Men of Music.
�3. In October 2011, Hill executed a general power of attorney and an advanced
healthcare directive, naming Colburn as her agent in both documents. Both documents were
notarized, and the notary testified that Hill knew what she was doing when she executed
them.
�4. In January 2012, Hill moved into Heritage House, an assisted-living facility in Rankin
County. This move happened sometime after she was diagnosed with dementia, but the
record is unclear if that diagnosis prompted the move. Corrine Watts, a Heritage House
1The State does not dispute any of the facts of Hill�s and Colburn�s relationship. 2
employee, testified that the facility had a dementia ward, but Hill was not a resident of that
ward; she had a first-floor studio apartment and could come and go as she pleased. She said
Colburn and Hill had a very loving and caring relationship. She also testified that, to her
knowledge, Colburn was the only person who visited Hill there.
�5. Colburn helped Hill with her banking on several occasions. Hill owned a house in
Brookhaven, so she often would conduct her banking at the Trustmark branch there. Brenda
Henderson, who worked at the Brookhaven Trustmark and assisted Hill, testified that she
was familiar with Colburn because he brought Hill to the bank. According to Henderson,
Hill said that Colburn was a friend of the family and that she could trust him. Henderson
testified that she had no concerns about the relationship, and that Colburn seemed to care for
Hill. Henderson said Hill always seemed happy around Colburn.
�6. On one occasion, when Colburn was transacting some of Hill�s business at another
Trustmark branch�he was making a deposit for Hill and requesting cash back�that bank�s
manager called Henderson, questioning the transaction. Henderson called Hill to make sure
that was what she wanted and informed the other branch manager of this. Henderson
testified that Hill always seemed to know what she was doing. Henderson was aware that
Hill had executed a power of attorney naming Colburn as her agent but, to her knowledge,
Colburn never transacted any business at the Brookhaven Trustmark under that document.
�7. Colburn was with Hill when she opened a joint checking account at Community Bank
in April 2012. Tracy Primer was the bank employee who helped Hill set up the account, and
3
she testified that Hill appeared to know what she was doing, and that she did not appear to
have been coerced into opening the account.
�8. Hill wrote several large checks to Colburn in 2012, ranging from around $3,000 to
more than $52,000. She also moved $125,000 from a Trustmark account into the joint
checking account she shared with Colburn and ultimately closed that Trustmark account.
Trustmark officials came across these transactions when they were investigating Hill�s
account for an unrelated issue having to do with a Social Security check. Trustmark notified
the Attorney General�s Office, which in turn initiated an investigation. After the
investigation, a Rankin County grand jury indicted Colburn on three counts of exploitation
of a vulnerable person under Mississippi Code Section 43-47-19.
�9. After a trial in Rankin County Circuit Court in July 2014,2 the jury convicted Colburn
of counts one and two, but acquitted him of count three. Colburn appeals, arguing five
issues:
1)The statute under which [he] was indicted and convicted is unconstitutionally vague and overly broad;
2) The trial court erred in denying [his] Motion to Quash Indictment as the indictment failed to state an indictable offense;
3) There was insufficient evidence to support [his] conviction; therefore, the trial court erred by denying [his] Motions for Directed Verdict and Judgment Notwithstanding the Verdict;
4) The trial court erred in denying the testimony of [his] expert witness and denying the admission of the last will and testament and handwritten letter of Ruby Hill; and
2An earlier trial had ended in mistrial because two jurors had �reported a conflict in the case.� 4
5) The trial court erred by admitting into evidence a photograph of Ruby Hill.
ANALYSIS
1. The Mississippi Vulnerable Persons Act is not unconstitutionally vague.
�10. Colburn first attacks the constitutionality of the Mississippi Vulnerable Persons Act3
(the �Act�)�specifically, Sections 43-47-5 and 43-47-19�arguing that the terms
�vulnerable person,� �exploitation,� and �improper use� are unconstitutionally vague and
overbroad.4 Colburn argues that �[u]nder the broad, general provisions of [Section] 43-47-5,
prosecutors could seemingly bring criminal charges against any caregiver within the borders
of Mississippi.�
�11. This Court has held that
[a] party challenging the constitutionality of a statute must prove his case by showing the unconstitutionality of a statute beyond a reasonable doubt. This Court will strike down a statute on constitutional grounds only where it appears beyond all reasonable doubt that such statute violates the constitution. We adhere here to the rule that one who assails a legislative enactment must overcome the strong presumption of validity and such assailant must prove his conclusion affirmatively, and clearly establish it beyond a reasonable doubt. All doubts must be resolved in favor of the validity of a statute. If possible, courts should construe statutes so as to render them constitutional rather than unconstitutional if the statute under attack does not clearly and apparently conflict with organic law after first resolving all doubts in favor of validity.
3 See Miss. Code Ann. �� 43-47-1 to 43-47-39 (Rev. 2015). 4Colburn argues that the statute is overly broad because it criminalized activity here that was carried out under a lawful power of attorney, properly executed, and not shown to be the result of undue influence or duress. Because this argument focuses on the evidence in this case rather than the words of the statute, we address this issue with Colburn�s other sufficiency-of-the evidence arguments. 5
Richmond v. City of Corinth, 816 So. 2d 373, 375 (Miss. 2002) (internal citations and
punctuation omitted). �The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled that �the void-for-vagueness
doctrine requires that a penal statute define the criminal offense with sufficient definiteness
that ordinary people can understand what conduct is prohibited and in a manner that does not
encourage arbitrary and discriminatory enforcement.�� Fulgham v. State, 47 So. 3d 698, 701
(Miss. 2010).
�12. Colburn relies heavily on dicta from a case in which this Court reversed a conviction
for exploitation of a vulnerable adult. Decker v. State, 66 So. 3d 654 (Miss. 2011).
Although this Court decided that case on other grounds, it alluded to possible constitutional
problems with the Act�s breadth:
The statute�s term �exploitation� is defined as �the illegal or improper use of a vulnerable person or his resources for another�s profit or advantage, with or without the consent of the vulnerable adult . . . .� The term �improper purpose��which is not defined within the statutes�forms the base for Decker�s argument that the statute is unconstitutionally vague.
This case was prosecuted by�and the appeal has been presented by�the Attorney General�s office. At oral argument, the assistant attorney general argued that any use of a vulnerable person�s money for personal benefit would be an improper use, even with the vulnerable person�s consent. So we must accept that interpretation as to how citizens are to be prosecuted under the statute.
Under Section 43-47-19�as applied by the Attorney General, and as its terms are defined in Section 43-47-5�a vulnerable adult cannot give a spouse permission to withdraw money from a checking account to buy herself a birthday present; or give one of her children or grandchildren permission to withdraw money to pay college tuition. According to the argument presented by the Attorney General�s office, both these actions would constitute crimes.
6
We are troubled by the statute�s broad reach. But because we have decided this case based on [another issue], we decline to address today the constitutionality of the statute.
Id. at 658 (emphasis original). But in 2012, the year after this Court decided Decker, the
Legislature amended the Act to include a definition of �improper use,� as well as a definition
of �undue means.� Miss. Ann. � 43-47-5 (k), (p) (Rev. 2015).
�13. The Act provides that �[a]ny person who willfully exploits a vulnerable person . . .
where the value of the exploitation is Two Hundred Fifty Dollars ($250) or more . . . shall
be guilty of a felony . . . .� Miss. Code Ann. � 43-47-19(2)(b) (Rev. 2015). The Act defines
a �vulnerable person� as
a person, whether a minor or adult, whose ability to perform the normal activities of daily living or to provide for his or her own care or protection from abuse, neglect, exploitation or improper sexual contact is impaired due to a mental, emotional, physical or developmental disability or dysfunction, or brain damage or the infirmities of aging. The term �vulnerable person� also includes all residents or patients, regardless of age, in a care facility . . . .
Miss. Code Ann. � 43-47-5(q) (Rev. 2015). �Exploitation� means
the illegal or improper use of a vulnerable person or his resources for another�s profit, advantage or unjust enrichment, with or without the consent of the vulnerable person, and may include actions taken pursuant to a power of attorney. �Exploitation� includes, but is not limited to, a single incident.
Miss. Code Ann. � 43-47-5(I) (Rev. 2015).
�14. �Illegal use,� in turn, means �any action defined under Mississippi law as a criminal
act.� Miss. Code Ann. � 43-47-5(j) (Rev. 2015). And �improper use� means
any use without the consent of the vulnerable person, any use with the consent of the vulnerable person if the consent is obtained by undue means, or any use that deprives the vulnerable person of his ability to obtain essential services or
7
a lifestyle to which the vulnerable person has become accustomed and could have otherwise afforded.
Miss. Code Ann. � 43-47-5(k) (Rev. 2015). Finally, the Act defines �undue means� as
the use of deceit, power, or persuasion over a vulnerable person resulting in the vulnerable person being influenced to act otherwise than by his own free will or without adequate attention to the consequences.
Miss. Code Ann. � 43-47-5(p) (Rev. 2015).
�15. Colburn argues first that the term �vulnerable person� is unconstitutionally vague
because it includes people whose mental faculties are sound but who merely suffer
physically. Colburn posits that �the statutory language does not eliminate any one [sic] being
treated for conditions, ailments, impairments, or any other circumstance that may have
absolutely nothing to do with mental awareness, capacity or competency.� But Colburn does
not elaborate on his argument or provide any authority for his suggestion that the
Constitution somehow is violated by a law that protects from exploitation and abuse those
citizens who suffer from ailments other than mental incapacity or deficiency.
�16. The State recognizes that the statutory definition of �vulnerable person� is broad but
argues that �the statute�s broad definition of �vulnerable person� ensures that people whose
abilities are equally impaired by causes other than just mental impairments are included in
the protected category of people. A person with a physical or emotional disability may be as
vulnerable to abuse, neglect and [exploitation] as a person with a mental impairment.� But
the State posits that innocent conduct is protected from the reach of the statute by the
8
exploitation5 element and its required subelements. In other words, the broad, threshold issue
of who is a vulnerable person does not render the statute unconstitutional. We agree. While
the Legislature has defined the term �vulnerable person� broadly we find that the remaining
elements and the definitions of those elements now contained in the Act ��define the criminal
offense with sufficient definiteness that ordinary people can understand what conduct is
prohibited and in a manner that does not encourage arbitrary and discriminatory
enforcement.�� Fulgham, 47 So. 3d at 701.
�17. Colburn argues also that the term �improper use� is unconstitutionally vague, claiming
that �[t]here is absolutely no objective standard in determining the answer[] to what is
�improper use� and subjecting innocent citizens to selective prosecution.� Colburn argues
that the statutory definition leaves the term open to subjective interpretation and therefore
violates United States Supreme Court precedent that requires penal statutes to be �explicit
and well-defined, and not subject to arbitrary, selective, or discriminatory enforcement.�
�18. The State argues that ��improper use� is explicitly defined in the statute in a manner
that is not subject to more than one meaning.� Specifically, the State argues that �[t]here are
four instances when the use of a vulnerable person�s resources is considered improper
pursuant to the statute and those four ways are unambiguous.�6 That unambiguous
5Like his �overbreadth� argument, Colburn�s �exploitation� argument is really a sufficiency-of-the evidence argument, and we therefore address it later in this opinion. 6Those four ways are: (1) any use without the consent of the vulnerable person; (2) any use with the consent of the vulnerable person if the consent is obtained by undue means; (3) any use that deprives the vulnerable person of his ability to obtain essential 9
definition, the State argues, �cures the issue of the statute�s overbreadth so that
constitutionally protected conduct is not punished.�
�19. Again, we agree with the State. We find that the recently enacted statutory definition
of �improper use� has, at least on its face, cured any vagueness problems that the exploitation
statutes might have had and that troubled this Court in Decker. Put simply, following the
Legislature�s addition of a definition of �improper use,� Colburn�s argument that there is
�absolutely no objective standard in determining the answer[] to what is �improper use�� is
incorrect. Indeed, the troubling hypothetical scenarios described by the Decker Court are no
longer possible: under the statutes as currently written, a vulnerable person may consent to
his or her spouse using their debit card to withdraw money to buy themselves a gift, and a
vulnerable person may consent to his or her child or grandchild withdrawing money to use
for tuition, as long as that consent was not obtained by undue means. See Decker, 66 So. 3d
at 658.
2. The trial judge did not err when he denied Colburn�s motion to quash his indictment.
�20. Colburn argues next that the trial court should have granted his motion to quash the
indictment. This Court has held that �whether an indictment is defective is an issue of law
and therefore deserves a relatively broad standard of review, or de novo review . . . .� State
v. Hawkins, 145 So. 3d 636, 638 (Miss. 2014) (quoting Tapper v. State, 47 So. 3d 95, 100
services or (4) to obtain a lifestyle to which the vulnerable person has become accustomed and could have otherwise afforded.
Miss. Code Ann. � 43-47-5(k) (Rev. 2015). 10
(Miss. 2010)) (internal quotation marks omitted). Uniform Rule of Circuit and County Court
Practice 7.06 provides in part that an indictment
shall be a plain, concise and definite written statement of the essential facts constituting the offense charged and shall fully notify the defendant of the nature and cause of the accusation. Formal and technical words are not necessary in an indictment, if the offense can be substantially described without them.
URCCC 7.06. �The rule in this state is that an indictment which states the statutory language
is generally sufficient to inform the accused of the charge against him.� King v. State, 580
So. 2d 1182, 1185 (Miss. 1991) (quoting Cantrell v. State, 507 So. 2d 325, 329 (Miss.
1987)). �This Court has made it �clear that the ultimate test, when considering the validity
of an indictment on appeal, is whether the defendant was prejudiced in the preparation of his
defense.�� Byrom v. State, 863 So. 2d 836, 867 (Miss. 2003) (quoting Medina v. State, 688
So. 2d 727, 730 (Miss. 1996)).
�21. All three counts for which Colburn was indicted tracked the exploitation statute, and
the counts varied only in two places: in the dates alleged, and in the last sentence, where
specific facts are alleged. Count I charged
that Gregory Wayne Colburn between February 1, 2012 and August 31, 2012 in the County and State aforesaid and within the jurisdiction of this Court, did wilfully, unlawfully, feloniously, knowingly, and intentionally exploit Ruby Hill, a vulnerable adult as defined by Section 43-47-5(n) of the Mississippi Code of 1972, as amended, and with knowledge that Ruby Hill�s ability to perform normal activities of daily living or to provide for her own care or protection from abuse, neglect, or exploitation was impaired due to mental, emotional, physical or developmental disability or dysfunction, or brain damage or the infirmities of aging, did exploit Ruby Hill, by the illegal or improper use of Ruby Hill�s resources, in an amount over two hundred fifty dollars ($250.00), for his own profit or advantage, with or without the consent of Ruby Hill, including acts committed pursuant to power of attorney, by
11
depositing checks made payable to Ruby Hill into his personal Community Bank account [account number] in violation of M.C.A. Section 43-47-19 of 1972, as amended[.]
Count II was identical to Count I, except that it charged Colburn with exploiting Hill �by
creating a Community Bank account [account number] in the name of �Ruby Francis Hill or
Gregory Wayne Colburn,� and then transferring funds belonging to Ruby Hill into the
account, and using these funds for his own profit or advantage in violation of M.C.A. Section
43-47-19 of 1972, as amended[,]� between May 1, 2012, and August 21, 2012. Count III
again was virtually identical to the first two counts, except that it charged Colburn with
exploiting Hill �by depositing a check made payable to Ruby Hill and a check from Ruby
Hill�s Trustmark bank account [account number] into a �Men of Music� bank account
[account number] in violation of M.C.A. Section 43-47-19 of 1972[,]� between February 1,
2012, and March 31, 2012.
�22. Colburn claims that, since the financial transactions are not disputed and because he
had Hill�s consent, none of the facts charged in the indictment amount to illegal acts, and so
the indictment denied him �a reasonable opportunity to prepare and present a defense . . . .�
According to Colburn, because every count included the language �with or without the
consent of Ruby Hill,� then �the grand jury could have found that Ruby Hill did in fact give
her consent for every act alleged by the indictment, which if given without undue influence,
is perfectly legal.� So according to Colburn, the indictment put him in the impossible
position of being forced to prepare a �defense for legal acts[.]�
12
�23. The State, on the other hand, points out that the indictment tracks the statute, including
the �with or without the consent� language.7 The State also argues that the specific facts
alleged in the indictment put Colburn on notice of the crimes with which he was being
charged. The State argues finally that the �did exploit� and �illegal or improper use�
language in the indictment prevented the grand jury from charging Colburn with any innocent
acts.
�24. Our analysis of this issue is similar to our analysis of Colburn�s constitutionality
claim. While the indictment did contain the language �with or without the consent of Ruby
Hill�again, language quoted directly from the statute�it also said that Colburn �exploited�
Hill �by the illegal or improper use of� her resources. As such, any behavior of Colburn�s
that the grand jurors deemed �innocent� would have, by definition, been excluded. In short,
we find that the indictment satisfied the requirements of Rule 7.06 in that it was �a plain,
concise and definite written statement of the essential facts constituting the offense charged�
that �fully notif[ied] the defendant of the nature and cause of the accusation.� Colburn knew
the statute he was charged with violating. He knew the date ranges, the transactions, the
banks, the account numbers, and the alleged victim of the crimes charged.
7�It shall be unlawful for any person to abuse, neglect or exploit any vulnerable person.� Miss. Code Ann. � 43-47-19(1) (Rev. 2015). And again, �exploitation� is defined as �the illegal or improper use of a vulnerable person or his resources for another�s profit, advantage or unjust enrichment, with or without the consent of the vulnerable person, and may include actions taken pursuant to a power of attorney. ��Exploitation�� includes, but is not limited to, a single incident.� Miss. Code Ann. � 43-47-5(i) (Rev. 2015) (emphasis added). 13
�25. It appears that the crux of Colburn�s issue with the indictment is that it failed to state
which type of �improper use� was being charged. And he correctly asserts that consent is
a total defense to one of the four types. But there were three other ways he could have
�improperly� used Ruby Hill�s resources. See supra, n. 6. And this Court has not required
that level of specificity in indictments. See, e.g., State v. Hawkins, 145 So. 3d 636, 645
(Miss. 2014). The trial judge did not err when he denied Colburn�s motion to quash.
3. Colburn�s convictions were supported by sufficient evidence.
�26. Colburn argues that, even in the light most favorable to the State, the evidence was
insufficient to sustain his convictions, so the trial court should have granted his motion for
directed verdict or his motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict (JNOV).
�27. When considering a sufficiency-of-the-evidence argument, this Court has said that
the critical inquiry is whether the evidence shows beyond a reasonable doubt that the accused committed the act charged, and that he did so under such circumstances that every element of the offense existed; and where the evidence fails to meet this test it is insufficient to support a conviction. However, this inquiry does not require a court to ask itself whether it believes that the evidence at the trial established guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Instead, the relevant question is whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.
Fagan v. State, 171 So. 3d 496, 503 (Miss. 2015) (quoting Bush v. State, 895 So. 2d 836,
843 (Miss. 2005)) (internal alterations and quotation marks omitted) (emphasis added). This
Court may reverse only ��where, with respect to one or more of the elements of the offense
charged, the evidence so considered is such that reasonable and fair-minded jurors could
14
only find the accused not guilty.�� Franklin v. State, 676 So. 2d 287, 288 (Miss. 1996)
(quoting Wetz v. State, 503 So. 2d 803, 808 (Miss. 1987)) (emphasis added).
�28. Colburn was convicted on two counts of exploitation of a vulnerable person. There
is no dispute that, at all relevant times, Ruby Hill was a �resident or patient . . . in a care
facility,� and therefore a �vulnerable person� under the Act. To prove that Colburn exploited
Hill, the State was required to prove that he �illegal[ly] or improper[ly] use[d] a vulnerable
person or [her] resources for another�s profit, advantage or unjust enrichment, with or
without the consent of the vulnerable person . . . . � Miss. Code Ann. � 43-47-5(i) (Rev.
2015). Exploitation �may include actions taken pursuant to a power of attorney.� Id.
�29. While the �illegal or improper� language was in the indictment and the jury
instructions, nothing else indicates that the State alleged that Colburn�s use of Hill�s
resources was illegal. Rather, the State argues that the evidence �demonstrates that Colburn
exploited Ms. Hill through the improper use of her resources for his own profit or
advantage.� As discussed above, under the statute are four ways that the State could prove
�improper use�: (1) Any use without the consent of the vulnerable person; (2) any use with
the consent of the vulnerable person if the consent is obtained by undue means; (3) any use
that deprives the vulnerable person of his ability to obtain essential services; or (4) any use
that deprives the vulnerable person of his ability to obtain a lifestyle to which the vulnerable
person has become accustomed and could have otherwise afforded. Miss. Code Ann. � 43
47-5(k) (Rev. 2015).
15
�30. The State did not present any evidence of Hill�s net worth or available resources. And
while the State introduced evidence of the money that was involved in the transactions at
issue, it did not present evidence that Hill had been deprived of her �ability to obtain� either
�essential services� or �a lifestyle to which [she] ha[d] become accustomed and could have
otherwise afforded.� Miss. Code Ann. � 43-17-5(k). As such, the issue here is if the State�s
evidence was sufficient for any rational juror to conclude that Colburn�s use of Hill�s
resources, as described in Counts I and II, was done either without her consent, or with her
consent that was obtained by undue means. Again, the Act defines undue means as �the use
of deceit, power, or persuasion over a vulnerable person resulting in the vulnerable person
being influenced to act otherwise than by his own free will or without adequate attention to
the consequences.� Miss. Code Ann. � 43-47-5(p) (Rev. 2015).
�31. The State presented four witnesses in its case-in-chief: Hill�s treating physician Dr.
Todd Perkins, Trustmark Bank employee Doug Winstead, Community Bank employee
Christy Jones, and Investigator Russell Frazier. Dr. Perkins testified that Hill became his
patient in early 2012 when she was referred to him as her primary physician. Dr. Perkins�s
treatment of Hill varied, but sometimes it was as often as every two weeks. Dr. Perkins�s
testified that Hill was �always pleasant and � but not very conversant . . . . � When asked
about her mental ability, Dr. Perkins said that Hill �[s]eemed to be impaired. She had a
diagnosis of dementia.� Dr. Perkins described dementia as �a group of symptoms [a]ffecting
[sic] cognitive function, thinking, memory loss, and other social functioning to the point
16
where it [a]ffects your daily activities.� Dr. Perkins testified that Hill displayed
characteristics of dementia; specifically, impaired cognition and slow memory.
�32. When asked if Hill was able to care for herself, Dr. Perkins said �[i]n my opinion, no.�
Dr. Perkins also opined that Hill was unable to take care of her personal finances. When
asked the basis of that opinion, Dr. Perkins testified that
A. Just she seemed to need assistance with her [sic]. In my limited interaction with her at the clinic, she needed assistance with being brought to the clinic, with ambulation, with � even with our discussions with asking her questions, it was very limited responses that we would have.
Q. Was her mental capacity good?
A. It didn�t seem to be. It seemed to be impaired.
Q. As far as her memory, were you able to determine whether or not her memory was good?
A. She would respond to me and ask me about my children, so there were � she would have some memory. I never got into detail about specific testing of her memory, but based on our conversations, it was impaired.
Q. Is that something that�s consistent with someone suffering from dementia?
A. Very consistent.
�33. Dr. Perkins acknowledged that Colburn was the person who brought Hill to see him,
and that he did not have any concerns about Colburn. When asked by Colburn�s attorney if
it was possible that Hill was �lucid enough� to make decisions during the time period
described in the indictment, Dr. Perkins said he �[could not] say that personally.� Dr.
Perkins testified that dementia is a progressive illness and that there may be �more lucid�
moments, generally speaking, but that he could not say specifically for Hill.
17
�34. Trustmark Bank employee Doug Winstead testified that he was a regional security
officer responsible for �protecting the assets of the company and its customers.� Winstead
began looking into Hill�s account in November 2012 after he got a phone call from another
department �concerning a reclamation that was made on her account.�8 During his
investigation he �discovered some irregularities,� which prompted him to notify the Attorney
General�s Office. The �irregularities� that Winstead found were �[p]ersonal checks coming
out of [Hill�s] account to an individual that were going back to another bank [Colburn�s
Regions Bank individual account] that were for � noted for expenses.�
�35. Winstead also noticed �some rather large checks that were payable to another bank,
which indicated the closing of her [Hill�s] accounts at Trustmark and the funds being
diverted over to Community Bank.� Through Winstead�s testimony, the State introduced
Exhibit 1, which showed a $20,000 check, dated May 14, 2012, drawn on Hill�s Trustmark
8Winstead explained that Colburn had called Trustmark when Hill�s account had a negative balance, which had started the entire chain of events. Winstead explained how Hill�s account had become overdrawn:
Well, he [Colburn] had deposited the [social security] check into her [Hill�s] account, but somewhere along the way, it appears that she didn�t touch the check; therefore, [she] signed the affidavit of forgery on the check because she, in her mind, had never seen the check or signified her endorsement on the back of the check . . . these complaints go through the federal government, which in turn hits us [Trustmark] with a reclamation once the forgery is made, letting us know that they�re charging us with the amount of the check based on the forgery. We didn�t know who it was . . . once we were able to do a past history of this check and saw that it went into her account, well, we debited the account based on forgery, because they had debited us. So in order for us to get the money that had been taken from us, we took it from the account, which threw the account into the negative, which prompted the call by Greg Colburn to the bank as to what�s going on . . . . � 18
account, payable to Community Bank, and deposited by Colburn into his personal account.
State�s Exhibit 2 showed a $125,000 check, dated April 10, 2012, drawn on Hill�s Trustmark
account, payable to Community Bank, with the memo line reading �New Checking Acct.�
�36. State�s Exhibit 3 showed a $1,500 check, dated February 15, 2012, drawn on Hill�s
Trustmark account, payable to Colburn, with the memo line reading �Exp Reimbursement
Oct-Dec [20]11.� State�s Exhibit 4 showed a $1,500 check, dated March 27, 2012, drawn
on Hill�s Trustmark account, payable to Colburn, with the memo line reading �Exp-Jan, Feb,
March,� deposited by Colburn into The Men of Music, LLC�s account.9 Winstead testified
that, to his knowledge, Hill�s Trustmark accounts had been closed and that she no longer had
any money there. Winstead testified that he had never spoken personally to Hill or Colburn,
and that the check memos were the only thing that indicated what the checks were for and
the intent behind them; he had �no idea� whether Hill intended for Colburn to complete the
transactions or not. When asked by Colburn�s attorney if the transfers were �abnormal,�
Winstead said �[b]ased on what I saw in this particular case, it was abnormal in my opinion.�
�37. Community Bank records custodian Christy Jones testified that part of her
employment responsibilities included watching for �suspicious activity.� Through Jones�s
testimony, the State introduced Exhibit 5, which showed an opening deposit of $125,000 for
a joint account between Colburn and Hill, dated April 10, 2012. State�s Exhibit 6 showed
the May 14, 2012, purchase of a $75,000 CD from the joint account, which was then put
9All of the checks in State�s Exhibit 1-4 were signed by Ruby Hill, and two of the checks also were signed by Colburn as POA. So all of the transactions appeared to be facially valid. 19
solely in Colburn�s name after the purchase. Jones testified that Hill would have no access
to the CD, and that the CD would go to Colburn�s estate should he pass away.
�38. State�s Exhibit 7 was a $1,500 check, dated June 5, 2012, made payable to cash,
drawn on Hill and Colburn�s joint account, signed by Colburn. State�s Exhibit 8 was a
$1,500 check, dated August 21, 2012, made payable to cash, drawn on Hill and Colburn�s
joint account, signed by Colburn. The memo line read �Reimbursement June, July August.�
State�s Exhibit 9 showed a check payable to Hill from AXA Equitable Life Insurance
Company for $3,440 (that Hill endorsed), which Colburn deposited into his personal account
on February 22, 2012. State�s Exhibit 10 showed a check for $52,209.93 from �Federated
Gov Income Securities - F� payable to �Gregory Wayne Colburn POA, FBO10 Ruby Frances
Hill,� which Colburn deposited into his personal account on May 10, 2012. And finally,
State�s Exhibit 11 showed a check for $3,931.31 drawn from the Bank of Forest payable to
Ruby Hill, which Colburn deposited into his personal account on August 22, 2012.
�39. Jones testified that she had reviewed the bank statements related to Hill�s and
Colburn�s joint account. Jones said that there was the initial $125,000 opening deposit, and
that there were various other deposits after that, totaling $82,000, that all came from Hill�s
personal account at Trustmark. Jones testified that Colburn never deposited anything in the
joint account as the �maker�; all of the deposits were either from Hill, or payable to Hill.
When asked specifically about several of the exhibits by Colburn�s counsel, Jones
acknowledged that, because Hill either signed personally, or because Colburn signed as joint
10�For benefit of.�
20
account-owner or as Hill�s POA, there was nothing facially improper or illegal about the
transactions. Jones also testified that she did not file a report with anyone regarding the joint
account.
�40. Investigator Russell Frazier of the Attorney General�s Office testified that he
investigates cases involving allegations of exploitation of vulnerable adults. Frazier became
involved with Hill�s case after Trustmark Bank contacted the Attorney General�s Office
regarding some �unusual financial transactions.� Frazier subpoenaed records from
Trustmark Bank and Community Bank, and he also spoke with Hill in her room at Heritage
House the same day that Winstead had called to report the suspicious financial activity.
Frazier went to speak with Hill about the allegations and to �get her input on what�s going
on and kind of get a feel of what her mental capacity was and if she was okay with all these
transactions that had happened.� But Frazier ultimately spoke to Hill for less than ten
minutes. When asked why he cut the interview short, Frazier responded
Well, I started off � I just kind of wanted to get the framework, because the only thing we knew was that [Colburn] was a non-family member, so I had to kind of figure out what was this relationship, and then I wanted to find out about these financial transactions that took place. I started off by just asking her, tell me about your relationship with Greg Colburn and how long you�ve known him. And she told me, oh, I�ve known Greg for a long time . . . I said, well, how did you meet him and exactly how long [have] you�ve known him, and she couldn�t tell me. And then I said, well, you know, I�m here today, [and] I want to ask you about this account that got opened at Community Bank with you and [Colburn], this joint account. And she told me she didn�t have a joint account at Community Bank and didn�t have any account with [Colburn]. So I said, okay. So I had several checks that had been provided to me by Trustmark that were made out to [Colburn], and I kind of asked her can you tell me what the checks were for, and she couldn�t recall what the checks were for. And at that point, I cut the interview off. And I found out who her medical doctor was to verify my suspicion.
21
�41. Frazier testified that he interviewed Colburn on December 10, 2012. Frazier said that
Colburn spoke to him willingly, and that Colburn responded to his questions. Colburn told
him that he had met Hill about twenty years ago, and that he had become her primary
caregiver. When asked about the $125,000 check that came from Hill�s personal Trustmark
account into the Community joint account, Colburn said that Hill told him to move the money
because Trustmark was �having a problem recognizing the power of attorney.� Colburn
recommended Community Bank�his bank�and Hill agreed. Colburn did not want to be
on the joint account, but Hill �insisted it was going to be a joint account.�
�42. Colburn later suggested to Hill that she move some of that money into a CD, and Hill
agreed. When asked why he put the CD in his name, Colburn said that �it must have been
a mistake, because the CD was supposed to be in both of their names.� Colburn said that Hill
was not present when he opened the CD, but he was going to �make sure� that her name was
added to it. Frazier testified that Colburn used the CD as collateral to obtain a $60,000
personal loan shortly after he purchased it.
�43. Frazier asked Colburn if he had ever transferred any of Hill�s money from her
Trustmark account into his personal account, and Colburn said that he �may have put a few
hundred dollars in there for running some errands and stuff.� But when asked specifically
about the $20,000 check that he had deposited into his personal account�State�s Exhibit
1��that�s when he explained that � that�s what she [Hill] wanted to do with the money.�
When asked about a $15,000 Met Life transaction,11 Colburn testified that that money went
11It does not appear that the �Met Life transaction� was entered as an exhibit. 22
into their joint account. But after Frazier told him that the bank records showed that money
went to the Men of Music, Colburn stated �that�s [where] Ms. Hill wanted the money to go.�
Similarly, when asked about the AXA transaction�State�s Exhibit 9�Colburn said that
money went into their joint account. But when Frazier told him the bank records indicated
that money was deposited into his personal account, Colburn �advised [that] Ms. Hill wanted
him to have it as a gift.�
�44. When Frazier asked Colburn about the $52,000 federal government income securities
check�State�s Exhibit 10�Colburn
originally stated he put the money in Ms. Hill�s checking account. And when we explained to him that it indicated the money had actually been deposited into his personal account, he explained that it must have been a mistake or he made a mistake. And, you know, at this point we asked him, you know, how do you make a mistake by putting $52,000 into your account and not recognize its [sic] there, and he told me he only checks his accounts like once a year.
Q. Did you ask him about the purchase of a tour bus?
A. I did. I noticed in this same month in his bank records, it appeared a tour bus had been bought for $112,000. And I told him it was obvious to me that the $52,000 was used to buy the tour bus, and he denied that he used the $52,000 to buy the tour bus.12
�45. The State rested after Frazier�s testimony, and Colburn moved for a directed verdict,
which the trial judge denied. Colburn then presented several witnesses who testified about
his and Hill�s loving and caring relationship and about Hill�s demeanor when she executed
the power of attorney and during some of the transactions at issue. Finally, Colburn took the
12Mark Carman testified during Colburn�s defense. He met Colburn through the music industry, and he testified regarding Colburn�s tour bus: �It�s my understanding that somewhere in the neighborhood of $50,000 or a little bit more of it [the purchase price] came from Mrs. Ruby.� 23
stand in his own defense. When asked how he felt about Hill, Colburn said �Oh, I love her
with all my heart. I would do anything and everything in the world to make sure that she�s
taken care of and I feel that I have.� Colburn testified that Hill had given him gifts in the
past; she once gave him $18,000 to cover medical bills, and she also gave him $10,000 for
a down payment on a car. She also would give him up to $1,000 sometimes before he would
go on his singing trips to help cover his travel expenses. He testified that Hill wanted him
to have the $20,000 and the $52,000 as gifts to support his music ministry. He could not
recall a lot of what he told Investigator Frazier during his interview, but he testified that he
was suffering from a diabetic episode during the interview. Both sides finally rested after
Colburn�s testimony.
�46. So as mentioned above, several witnesses testified that Colburn and Hill appeared to
have a loving and caring relationship, and that Hill seemed to �know what she was doing�
during some of the banking transactions. But the State also presented evidence of Hill�s poor
mental state from both Dr. Perkins and Investigator Frazier. Winstead testified that he had
observed �irregularities� in Hill�s account that had caused him to investigate further, and that
he regarded the transactions at issue as �abnormal.� Hill told Frazier that she knew Colburn,
but she said she did not have a joint account with him, nor could she remember what the
checks Frazier showed her were for. And perhaps most importantly, Colburn changed his
story about several of the financial transactions, both during his interview with Frazier, and
between the time he talked with Frazier and when he testified at trial. Based on the evidence
24
the State presented, we find that a �rational trier of fact could have found the essential
elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.� Fagan, 171 So. 3d at 503.
�47. Colburn�s argument that �no crime was committed� because he had Hill�s POA, and
because there was testimony of a loving relationship and that Hill �knew what she was
doing� during some of the banking transactions is unavailing. Simply put, his argument stops
short of a full analysis of the elements of exploitation. Hill could have been perfectly lucid
and intentional in opening an account�i.e., she could have given her consent�but if the jury
believed that Colburn had used �deceit, power, or persuasion� to influence Hill to act
�without adequate attention to the consequences,� then he obtained her consent by undue
means, which also is an �improper� use under the Act.
�48. Specifically, Count I alleged that Colburn exploited Hill by depositing checks made
payable to her into his personal checking account. Colburn deposited a $52,209.93 check
from Federated Gov Income Securities�payable to the order of �Gregory Wayne Colburn
POA FBO Ruby Frances Hill��into his personal checking account. And, using a power of
attorney, he endorsed the check. The power of attorney specifically prohibited Colburn from
gifting or assigning any of Hill�s assets to himself. So the jury�s verdict on Count I is
supported by evidence that he deposited this check into his personal account without consent.
�49. Count II alleged that Colburn exploited Hill by using funds in their joint checking
account �for his own profit or advantage.� Reasonable jurors could conclude that Hill
decided to create the joint checking only so that Colburn could better manage her financial
affairs. But Colburn persuaded Hill to use some of that money to obtain the CD, which he
25
put in his name, and then used as collateral to obtain a loan. Jurors certainly could conclude
that Hill did not consent to this use. They also could conclude that Colburn persuading Hill
to obtain a CD constituted undue means.
�50. Stated differently, even assuming that the jury believed absolutely all of the facts that
Colburn highlights on appeal�including his and Hill�s close relationship�that would not
necessarily absolve him of liability. We find that, based on the evidence produced by the
State, the jury properly could have found that Colburn used that close relationship and other
forms of persuasion to gain Hill�s consent to the financial transactions. Indeed, that seemed
to be the State�s theory of the case. During opening statements, the prosecutor said that
Colburn �befriended� Hill. �He doted on her, and he took her money.� The jury also could
have concluded that certain transactions lacked Hill�s consent altogether. In short, after
viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, we find that a rational juror
could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. We
therefore find that the State presented sufficient evidence to support Colburn�s convictions.
4. The trial judge did not err in his evidentiary rulings.
�51. Colburn was prepared to call Dr. Richard A. Roper, a purported handwriting expert.
Roper had examined four documents and had prepared a report, about which he was prepared
to testify, outlining his expert opinion that the four documents were signed by the same
person. Two of the documents, the general power of attorney and the advance directive,
were introduced into evidence during the notary�s testimony, and she testified that it was
indeed Hill who had signed the documents. The third document was a will, dated several
26
years before the indictment, which named Colburn as executor and sole beneficiary of Hill�s
estate. The fourth document was a handwritten letter, purportedly from Hill to Colburn,
which expressed gratitude to him for visiting her and keeping in touch via telephone, among
other things. Colburn wished to introduce the will and the letter and have Dr. Roper opine
that Hill had signed all the documents.
�52. But the trial judge excluded the will and the letter,13 finding them irrelevant,
cumulative, potentially confusing to the jury, and that their probative value was substantially
outweighed by their prejudicial effect. Specifically, the trial judge stated that
the mere fact that a victim has executed a will leaving her estate to the defendant upon her death is not really probative on the issue of whether or not that defendant took money before she died. Those are two separate and distinct matters, and to allow that kind of testimony in, I think might be confusing to the jury . . . . I think the issue is [whether to allow Colburn to present evidence that Hill] was going to leave everything to [him] at her death � and therefore, it showed [their] relationship. I believe that would be just confusing to the jury whenever a defendant, if they�ve known each other 24 years, has the ability to put forth his relationship with the victim through other evidence . . . I think that could be confusing to the jury, and you can prove that close relationship through other testimony.
�53. Colburn argues that the trial judge erred, claiming that this evidence �would have
assisted the jury in understanding the true nature of the relationship between [him] and Ms.
Hill . . . . � The State counters that �the relationship between Colburn and Ms. Hill is not
relevant to the issue of whether he exploited her� and that it �would not help the jury in
13It does not appear that the trial judge made a ruling specifically about Dr. Roper�s testimony, but it is clear from the transcript that the exclusion of the will and letter obviated the need for his testimony. 27
determining any element of the crime or defense to this crime and could possibly confuse the
jury regarding the issues.�
�54. This Court reviews evidentiary rulings under an abuse-of-discretion standard, and
�will not reverse a trial court�s evidentiary ruling absent a finding of abuse of discretion �so
as to be prejudicial to the accused.�� Ronk v. State, 172 So. 3d 1112, 1132 (Miss. 2015).
After hearing argument from both sides, the trial judge decided to exclude the evidence and
gave clear reasons for his ruling. And after careful review, we cannot say that the trial judge
abused his discretion. This issue is without merit.
5. The trial judge did not err in admitting into evidence a photograph of Hill.
�55. Colburn argues finally that the trial court should not have allowed a photograph of
Hill to be introduced as evidence. He argues that it was irrelevant and prejudicial, because
it was taken more than two years after the incidents alleged in the indictment and because it
showed Hill in a wheelchair. He claims that �[t]he sole purpose of these photographs were
to manipulate the emotions of the jurors which unjustly prejudiced [his] defense . . . .�
�56. This Court has held that �[t]he admissibility of photographs rests within the sound
discretion of the trial court.� Keller v. State, 138 So. 3d 817, 857 (Miss. 2014). Photographs
may be relevant even if all they do is �supplement or clarify witness testimony.� Id. at 857
(quoting Le v. State, 913 So. 2d 913, 955 (Miss. 2005)). And ��[t]he discretion of the trial
judge runs toward almost unlimited admissibility regardless of the gruesomeness,
repetitiveness, and the extenuation of probative value.�� Noe v. State, 616 So. 2d 298, 304
(Miss. 1993) (citation omitted) & (emphasis added).
28
�57. We find no abuse of discretion here. First, the trial judge noted when he ruled the
photograph admissible that if Hill was physically able to be in the courtroom, �she would be
seen by the jury as she is today, not as she was the day the crime was allegedly committed.�
Additionally, as mentioned above, it is undisputed that Hill was a resident of a care
facility�a fact known to the jury�and therefore a �vulnerable person� under the Act.
�58. Also as mentioned above, the trial judge previously had declared a mistrial because
�two jurors reported a conflict in the case.� Here, the State argued that, because of the
previous mistrial, the photograph �would be relevant to a jury to be able to put a face to the
victim listed in the indictment that they were going to hear about all throughout the trial.�
And this Court previously has held that a photograph of the victim �served a meaningful
evidentiary purpose in establishing the identity of the man shot,� even after the defendant
offered to stipulate to the victim�s identity. See Noe, 616 So. 2d at 303. See also Campbell
v. State, 749 So. 2d 1208, 1213 (Miss. Ct. App. 1999) (�The photograph served the purpose
of establishing the identity of the victim of the crime . . . . The victim does not need to remain
faceless to the jury.�).
�59. Moreover, even assuming that Colburn is correct that the photograph �unfairly
prejudiced the jury,� we still would not reverse. For �[a] party may claim error in a ruling
to admit or exclude evidence only if the error affects a substantial right of the party[.]� Miss.
R. Evid. 103 (emphasis added). And we find no �substantial right� of Colburn�s affected by
the photo�s admission, especially since Hill could have been present in the courtoom had she
been physically able to do so. This issue is without merit.

Outcome:

For the foregoing reasons, we find that all of Colburn�s arguments lack merit, and we therefore affirm the judgment and sentences of the Rankin County Circuit Court.

Plaintiff's Experts:

Defendant's Experts:

Comments:

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