Date: 05-16-2017

Case Style: United States of America v. Choudry Muhammad Khalil

Case Number: 15-3819-CR

Judge: Guido Calabresi

Court: United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit

Plaintiff's Attorney: Matthew J. Jacobs

Defendant's Attorney: Andrew Freifeld

Description: 38 Defendant-Appellant Choudry Muhammad Khalil appeals from a judgment of the
39 United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York (Mauskopf, J.) following
2
1 his conviction for (1) smuggling, conspiring to smuggle, transporting, conspiring to
2 transport, and harboring an alien in violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1324; (2) transferring and
3 conspiring to transfer false identification documents in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1028; and
4 (3) making false statements to federal agents in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1001. On appeal,
5 Khalil argues that the district court erred in denying his motion for judgments of acquittal
6 on several counts of his conviction, that the district court constructively amended the
7 indictment, and that the district court misapplied the United States Sentencing Guidelines.
8 Most of Khalil’s contentions are dealt with in a summary order filed simultaneously
9 with this opinion. Here, we address only Khalil’s argument that he should have been
10 acquitted of transporting an alien within the United States for profit in violation of 8 U.S.C.
11 § 1324(a)(1)(A)(ii) and § 1324(a)(1)(B)(i) (Count Four). Khalil asserts that the evidence
12 presented by the Government was insufficient to prove that he transported an alien “in
13 furtherance of” the alien’s illegal stay in the United States, as required by 8 U.S.C. §
14 1324(a)(1)(A)(ii) and by the district court’s jury instructions. We agree. We therefore reverse
15 the judgment of conviction on Count Four and remand the case with instructions for the
16 district court to dismiss that count and for de novo resentencing.
17
3
1 I. BACKGROUND
2 We recount the facts and procedural history of the case only as relevant to the alien
3 transportation charges under Count Four. Because the jury found Khalil guilty on that
4 Count, “we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the government.” United States
5 v. Veliz, 800 F.3d 63, 66 (2d Cir. 2015), cert. denied, 136 S. Ct. 522 (2015) (internal quotation
6 marks omitted).
7 A. The Enterprise
8 Khalil and his younger brother Ahmed, both born in Pakistan, became United States
9 citizens in 2001 and 2008, respectively. At least as early as 2002, the brothers were
10 principals of an international passport fraud ring operating primarily in Pakistan, the United
11 States, and the United Kingdom. The organization specialized in manufacturing high12
quality identity documents, such as passports, driver’s licenses, and work permits. It also
13 facilitated the illegal entry of undocumented aliens into the United States and Canada, and
14 sometimes helped them to find housing and jobs in these countries. The organization’s
15 clients paid substantial fees for these services, which the brothers began collecting once their
16 clients were established and employed. The record shows that Ahmed worked from
17 Pakistan, London, and New York, while Khalil worked from Queens, New York, where he
18 was also employed as a taxi driver.
4
1 B. Transportation of Rafique from Queens to Pennsylvania Station
2 In 2002, Ahmed agreed to smuggle Muhammad Nasir Rafique, a Pakistani man,
3 into the United States for $25,000. Ahmed provided Rafique with a false United Kingdom
4 passport and arranged for his air travel using that passport from London to New York City.
5 Upon Rafique’s arrival in New York City, Ahmed and Khalil, using fraudulent licenses,
6 helped Rafique secure employment as a taxi driver. At Ahmed’s direction, Rafique began to
7 repay his $25,000 debt in weekly installments.
8 In early 2010, Rafique told Khalil that he wanted a fake British passport. Rafique
9 believed that a fake British passport would enable him to obtain legal status in the United
10 States. After Rafique had made a $1,000 down payment on the passport, Khalil
11 recommended that Rafique instead use the passport to travel to Canada, explaining that he
12 and Ahmed had sent other individuals to Canada, where they had successfully obtained
13 legal status. Rafique agreed to this plan.
14 In late 2010, Khalil informed Rafique that the passport was ready. In the early
15 morning of December 10, 2010, Khalil drove his taxi to pick up Rafique in Queens. Khalil
16 gave the fake passport to Rafique and then drove him to Pennsylvania Station in
17 Manhattan, where Khalil parked the car and bought Rafique a train ticket to Montreal.
18 Rafique boarded the Canada-bound train but was arrested by United States Customs and
19 Border Protection officers just before reaching the border.
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1 C. Procedural History
2 On April 9, 2015, a grand jury in the United States District Court for the Eastern
3 District of New York returned a ten-count, third superseding indictment against Khalil.
4 A jury trial began in April 2015. Khalil moved for a judgment of acquittal on each
5 count pursuant to Rule 29 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure (“Rule 29”). After the
6 close of the Government’s and Khalil’s cases, the district court denied the motion. The jury
7 convicted Khalil on all ten counts.
8 On November 5, 2015, the district court imposed: (a) a 51-month sentence on each
9 count to run concurrently, followed by 3 years of supervised release; (b) a judgment of
10 forfeiture; and (c) a $1,000 special assessment. Khalil, who was released on bond at the
11 commencement of the case, was remanded upon conviction, and has been imprisoned since.
12 II. DISCUSSION
13 A. Standard of Review
14 We review the denial of a Rule 29 motion arguing sufficiency of the evidence de novo.
15 United States v. Soler, 759 F.3d 226, 229 (2d Cir. 2014). In doing so, we ask “whether, after
16 viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact
17 could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson v.
18 Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979).
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1 B. Sufficiency of the Evidence: Transportation of Rafique
2 Khalil was convicted on Count Four of violating 8 U.S.C. § 1324(a)(1)(A)(ii), which
3 provides that the offense of unlawfully transporting an alien within the United States is
4 committed by any person who:
5 knowing or in reckless disregard of the fact that an alien has come to, entered, or
6 remains in the United States in violation of law, transports, or moves or attempts to
7 transport or move such alien within the United States by means of transportation or
8 otherwise, in furtherance of such violation of law
9 8 U.S.C. § 1324(a)(1)(A)(ii) (emphasis added). With respect to the “in furtherance of”
10 element of the crime, the district court charged the jury as follows:
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1 [T]he government must prove beyond a reasonable doubt . . . that the defendant
2 acted willfully in furtherance of the alien’s violation of law. In order to establish this
3 element, the government must prove that the defendant knowingly and intentionally
4 transported the alien in furtherance of the alien’s unlawful presence in the United
5 States. In other words, the evidence must show a direct and substantial relationship
6 between the transportation and its furtherance of the alien’s unlawful presence in the United
7 States. Transportation of an alien unlawfully within the country is not, by itself, a
8 violation of the statute if it is merely incidental to the alien’s presence in the United
9 States, for the law proscribes such conduct only when it is in furtherance of the
10 alien’s unlawful presence.
11 App. at 1465-66 (emphasis added). Khalil did not object to these instructions before the
12 district court and does not object to them on appeal. Accordingly, we express no views
13 about their correctness. Cf. United States v. Stonefish, 402 F.3d 691, 695 (6th Cir. 2005) (“In
14 order to find that a defendant has acted ‘in furtherance of such violation of law,’ a court
15 must conclude that the specific intent of the person transporting the illegal aliens was ‘to
16 deliberately assist an alien in maintaining his or her illegal presence’ in this country.”
17 (quoting United States v. 1982 Ford Pick-Up, 873 F.2d 947, 951 (6th Cir. 1989))); United States
18 v. Barajas-Chavez, 162 F.3d 1285, 1288 (10th Cir. 1999) (en banc) (“[W]e conclude the ‘in
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1 furtherance of’ language is unambiguous. The statute requires that a . . . defendant's
2 transportation or movement of the alien will help, advance, or promote the alien's illegal
3 entry or continued illegal presence in the United States.”).
4 Khalil argues that the district court erred in denying his motion for acquittal of this
5 charge because, in driving Rafique to Pennylvania Station, Khalil
6 did not intend to “further” [Rafique’s] illegal presence in the United States, nor did
7 the government show any “direct and substantial relationship between the
8 transportation and its furtherance of the alien’s unlawful presence.” To the contrary,
9 the undisputed evidence shows that the purpose of the transportation was to
10 terminate [Rafique’s] illegal presence in the United States forthwith.
11 Def. Br. 38.
12 Khalil is correct. There was insufficient evidence to allow a rational trier of fact to
13 find, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the Government had proven this element of the crime
14 as it was explained in the district court’s jury instructions. Although the Government did
15 present evidence that Khalil drove Rafique to Pennsylvania Station in order to facilitate
16 Rafique’s entry into Canada using a fraudulent passport, such a showing alone cannot
17 establish a direct and substantial relationship between the transportation and an act in
18 furtherance of Rafique’s unlawful presence in the United States. The Government, for
19 example, does not allege—nor is there anything in the record to suggest—that Khalil
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1 intended to help Rafique enter Canada in order for Rafique to somehow return to the
2 United States illegally. We therefore reverse Khalil’s conviction on Count Four.
3 “[W]hen a count of conviction is overturned due to a ‘conviction error,’ the proper
4 remedy is de novo resentencing, except in circumstances not applicable here.” United States v.
5 Natal, 849 F.3d 530, 538 (2d Cir. 2017) (per curiam) (citing United States v. Powers, 842 F.3d
6 177, 179–81 (2d Cir. 2016) (per curiam)). Therefore, on remand, Khalil must be resentenced
7 de novo.

Outcome: 9 For the reasons stated above, we REVERSE the judgment of conviction on Count
10 Four, and REMAND the case with instructions for the district court to dismiss that count
11 and for de novo resentencing. For the reasons stated in the accompanying summary order,
12 we AFFIRM the district court’s judgments of conviction on the remaining Counts.

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